Adhesive composition

ABSTRACT

An adhesive composition comprises 100 parts by weight of a polymerizable monomer comprising (a) 1.5 to 100 parts by weight of a compound represented by general formula I or II: ##STR1## where R 1  and R 1  &#39; each stand for hydrogen or a methyl group, R 2  stands for a divalent organic residue having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, X 1  and X 2  each stand for --O--, --S-- or --NH--, a is 0 or 1, and R 3  stands for a group of the formula ##STR2## having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, where R 4  and R 4  &#39; each stand for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 29 carbon atoms, and optionally replaced by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, b is an integer of 0 to 3, and Z stands for --O--, --COO-- or --NH--, a plurality of R 4  &#39; (when b is 2 or 3) being the same or different, at least one of R 4  and R 4  &#39; having at least three carbon atoms, and (b) 0 to 98.5 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer copolymerizable with the above compound; and 0.01 to 20 parts by weight of a curing agent. It shows a superior adhesive strength on any of hard tissues in a living body, such as teeth and bones, metals, organic polymers and ceramics. It maintains a high adhesive strength for a long time even if it is exposed to moisture, or immersed in water. It is particularly effective for use in dentistry, though it is useful for a variety of other purposes, too.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 525,410, filed Aug. 22, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,382, issued Sept. 3, 1985.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to an adhesive composition which adheres strongly to any of hard tissues in a living body, such as teeth and bones, metals, organic polymers and ceramics, and exhibits an adhesive strength which is not easily affected by water. The term "adhesive composition" as herein used not only means a composition used for bonding a plurality of adherends to one another, but also covers a composition used for forming a highly adhesive coating on the surface of an adherend such as a metal or organic polymer, and a composition used for forming a highly adhesive filling material for repairing hard tissues in a living body. In other words, this invention covers any and all compositions that are adhesively applicable to various kinds of substances, including hard tissues in a living body, metals, organic polymers and ceramics.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Various kinds of metals, organic polymers and ceramics are used for the restoration of teeth. When these restorative materials are mounted in the mouth, it is necessary to ensure that they be secured bonded to teeth, or to each other. Since they are placed in the mouth, it is particularly necessary that satisfactory adhesion be obtained in a wet condition. A variety of attempts have hitherto been made to explore a practically useful adhesive for dentistry as will hereinafter be set forth. Although some adhesives have been put to practical use, they are used only for a limited scope of application, since they do not work satisfactorily. If there is developed an adhesive which can strongly bond a metal or organic polymer to a tooth, or a metal to an organic polymer in a wet condition, it is believed to contribute greatly to improving the art of dental restoration. An adhesive which provides a high adhesive strength in a wet condition is also believed to be useful for a lot of other applications.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,259,075 and 4,259,117 show that a polymerizable composition containing a vinyl compound having a group of the formula ##STR3## is effective as a dental adhesive. U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,780 shows that a polymerizable composition containing a vinyl compound having a group of the formula ##STR4## is also an effective dental adhesive. In fact, some of the compositions defined by these patents are widely used as a primer for application to the wall of a tooth cavity before the cavity is filled. They, however, require acid etching of the cavity wall in order to provide a satisfactory adhesive strength for the tooth. Moreover, they do not provide any satisfactory adhesive strength for a Ni-Cr alloy containing 93% Ni and 6% Cr, and used commonly in dentistry.

There have also been proposed dental adhesives prepared from polymerizable phosphate compounds as will hereinafter be described. None of them has, however, been put to practical use because of their unsatisfactory adhesive strength.

(i) U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,600 describes phosphoryl monofluoride.

(ii) Journal of Dental Research, vol 53, pages 878 to 888 and vol. 56, pages 943 to 952, Chemical Abstract, vol. 77, pages 290 (66175 g) and Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 44152/1976 describe CH₂ ═CH--PO(OH)₂ and CH₂ ═CHC₆ H₄ CH₂ PO(OH)₂.

(iii) Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 113843/1978 shows by a general formula the compounds obtained by neutralizing one of the two hydroxyl groups in the compounds of the formula ##STR5## in which R stands for an organic residue having at least one vinyl group. More specifically, it shows the following compounds. In the following formulas, M stands for an alkali metal: ##STR6##

None of the compounds set forth at (i) to (iii) above provides a satisfactorily high adhesive strength in a wet condition.

There have also been made a number of other proposals to provide adhesives which are useful for both teeth and metals, as will hereinafter be summarized.

(i) U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,988 shows 4-methacryloxy ethyl trimellitate as an adhesive monomer. This monomer, however, cannot maintain a strong bond between a tooth and a metal or organic polymer for a long time in the mouth in which a wet condition and repeated occlusal pressure prevail.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,872,047 and Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 98878/1974 disclose a polymer having both a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group as an adhesive constituent. They show methacryloxyethyl phosphate as a monomer constituting the polymer. This polymer does, however, not appear to provide any satisfactory adhesive strength.

(iii) It is known that a polymer obtained by polymerizing a vinyl monomer on the tooth surface employing a ternary curing agent composed of a peroxide, an amine and a sulfinate has an improved adhesive strength on the tooth (U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,035). No satisfactory adhesive strength can, however, be obtained from any combination employing a known vinyl monomer, but it is believed necessary to explore a new adhesive vinyl monomer.

It is known that if a polymerizable composition containing 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate is cured on an iron or stainless steel surface, the cured product adheres to the metal surface, as described in the various references which will hereinafter be cited. No attempt has, however, been hitherto made to obtain phosphate esters having a higher adhesive strength than 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate, particularly in a wet condition.

A. U.S. Pat. No. 3,754,972 discloses the formation of an adhesive coating on a metal surface by applying a polymerizable composition containing a phosphate ester thereto. While it shows the applicable phosphate esters by way of a general formula, the examples set forth therein provide a specific support for the adhesive property of only the compounds of the following formula obtained by reacting hydroxyethyl acrylate with P₂ O₅ : ##STR7## in which m is 1 or 2, n is 1 or 2, and m+n=3.

B. U.S. Pat. No. 3,884,864 discloses the manufacture of a phosphorus cured material which is useful as a fire retardant material, and says that it shows a high adhesive strength on a metal. It is, however, manufactured from phosphate esters obtained by reacting hydroxyethyl methacrylate or β-hydroxychloropropyl methacrylate with P₂ O₅. They are the phosphate esters represented by the general formula I which will hereinafter appear, and in which R₂ has a maximum of three carbon atoms.

C. U.S. Pat. No. 3,987,127 discloses a radiation polymerizable coating composition containing a polymerizable phosphate ester. It shows a general formula for the applicable phosphate esters which includes those represented by the formula I when R₂ stands for an alkylene group having a maximum of six carbon atoms. The compounds listed specifically therein, and employed in the examples are, however, only those obtained when R₂ is a group of the formula --CH₂ CH₂ --. It does not give any example of the compounds containing an alkylene group having three or more carbon atoms.

D. U.S. Pat. No. 4,001,150 discloses a composition containing a polymerizabe phosphate ester, and used for preparing an electroconductive resin. The applicable phosphaste esters shown by way of example therein are those represented by the formula I when R₂ is an alkylene group having a maximum of four carbon atoms. The patent says that it is not advisable to use any compound containing an alkylene group having more than four carbon atoms.

E. U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,044 discloses an anaerobic adhesive composition containing a polymerizable phosphate ester of the general formula: ##STR8## in which R_(a) stands for H, CH₃ or C₂ H₅, R_(b) stands for --CH₂ --, --CH₂ --₂, --CH₂ --₃ or ##STR9## and n is an integer of 1 to 10. It does, however, not show any phosphate ester specifically except 2-methacryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate.

F. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 20238/1974 discloses an anaerobic adhesive containing a compound of the general formula ##STR10## in which R stands for H or CH₃, and Z stands for a halogen. It does not show any attempt to use a phosphate ester having a larger number of carbon atoms.

Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 100596/1975 describes the usefulness of an organic compound having a P--OH group as one of the constituents of an electroconductive composition, and specifically shows by way of example a compound which corresponds to that of the formula I when R₂ stands for --CH₂ CH₂ -- or --CH₂ CH₂ OCH₂ CH₂ --. It, however, fails to show any other compound having a larger number of carbon atoms.

Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 125182/1976 discloses a curable resin composition suitable for use in coating a metal surface, but which contains only a compound corresponding to that represented by the formula I when R₂ stands for --CH₂ CH₂ -- or ##STR11##

Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 12995/1978 discloses a low temperature curable resin composition containing a phosphate ester which corresponds to that represented by the formula I when R₂ stands for ##STR12##

Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 11920/1981 discloses a polymerizable composition containing an epoxy diacrylate and a phosphate ester as a diluent therefor, and having a high adhesive strength on a metal. Although it shows a general formula for the compounds corresponding to those represented by the formula I when R₂ stands for --[CH₂ CH₂ ]_(l) --, in which l is from 1 to 10, it specifically shows only a compound obtained when l is 1, and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate is the only phosphate ester employed in the examples set forth in the specification.

It will be noted from the foregoing that, though there are a lot of prior patents and patent applications disclosing compositions containing polymerizable phosphate esters as hereinabove mentioned at A to F, it is only the compositions containing 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate corresponding to the compounds represented by the formula I when R₂ stands for a group having two carbon atoms that have specifically been found effective as an adhesive, and that all the other similar compounds shown by way of example therein correspond merely to those represented by the formula I when R₂ stands for a group having two to four carbon atoms. Although these patents and patent applications state that the compositions containing those compounds exhibit a high adhesive strength on metals, none of them speaks of the adhesiveness of the compositions in a wet condition, nor do they contemplate the use of those compositions for dental applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide an adhesive composition which adheres strongly to any of hard tissues in a living body, such as teeth and bones, metals, organic polymers and ceramics, and which exhibits an excellent adhesive strength even in the presence of water.

It is another object of this invention to provide an adhesive composition used for bonding a hard tissue in a living body to another tissue or a material for the restoration of the tissue, such as a metal, organic polymer or ceramics, or filling a hard tissue in a living body for restoring it, and having a high adhesive strength on those tissues.

It is still another object of this invention to provide an adhesive composition for industrial or home use in the bonding of metals to each other, a metal to an organic polymer or ceramics, ceramics to each other, or ceramics to an organic polymer, or an adhesive composition used as a coating agent, paint or the like for forming a highly adhesive film on a metal or ceramic surface.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a dental adhesive for application to the wall surface of a cavity in a tooth to form a strong bond between the tooth and the material with which the cavity is filled.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a dental filling composition used to fill a cavity in a tooth to restore the tooth, and having a high adhesive strength on the tooth.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a dental adhesive for securing a restorative material, such as an inlay, onlay, crown, bridgework or orthodontic appliance, to a tooth tissue or abutment tooth.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a method for dental treatment which forms a strong and reliable bond between a tooth and a filling or restorative material to ensure complete restoration of the tooth.

These objects are attained by an adhesive composition comprising:

100 parts by weight of a polymerizable monomer consisting of (a) 1.5 to 50 parts by weight of a compound of the formula I or II ##STR13## where R₁ and R₁ ' each stand for hydrogen or a methyl group, R₂ stands for a divalent organic residue having 5 to 40 carbon atoms, R₃ stands for a group of the formula ##STR14## having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, R₄ and R₄ ' each standing for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 29 carbon atoms, and for which a halogen, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group may optionally be substituted, a plurality of R₄ ', if b is 2 or above, being the same or different, at least one of R₄ and R₄ ' having at least three carbon atoms, b being an integer of 0 to 3, Z standing for --O--, --COO-- or --NH--, X₁ and X₂ each stand for --O--, --S-- or --NH--, and a is 0 or 1, and (b) 50 to 98.5 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer copolymerizable with said compound; and 0.01 to 20 parts by weight of a curing agent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a graph relating to the bonding of metals by an adhesive composition containing a phosphate ester of the formula ##STR15## in which j' is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 or 12, and illustrating the relationship between the value of j' and the wet adhesive strength obtained by the composition. The details of the composition are set forth in EXAMPLE 19.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The adhesive composition of this invention is characterized by containing a compound of the formula I or II as an adhesive monomer. A compound of the formula I containing an organic residue R₂ having four carbon atoms may also be employed for preparing the dental adhesive composition of this invention. The term "organic residue" as herein used means:

(i) a hydrocarbon group optionally having an OH, COOH or NH₂ group or a halogen atom (Cl, Br, F or I) as a substituent; or

(ii) a group consisting of 2 to 20 hydrocarbon groups of the type defined above at (i), which hydrocarbon groups are bonded to one another by ether, thioether, ester, thioester, thiocarbonyl, amide, carbonyl, sulfonyl or urethane linkages. It not only means an organic group having a principal chain composed of a plurality of hydrocarbon groups, but also covers an organic residue having a side chain formed by a part of hydrocarbon groups.

The following formulas exemplify the applicable organic residues. In the formulas, A stands for a hydrocarbon group, B stands for a linkage (--O--, ##STR16## CONH or OCONH), [C═C] stands for a double bond, and [PO(OH)₂ ] stands for phosphoric or phosphonic acid. ##STR17##

The term "hydrocarbon group" as herein used covers a halogenated hydrocarbon, too, even if not specifically mentioned.

In the formula I, R₂ preferably stands for (a) a hydrocarbon group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms (or 4 to 30 carbon atoms for a composition for dental application), and optionally replaced by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, or (b) a group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms (or 4 to 30 carbon atoms for a composition for dental application), and composed of two to seven hydrocarbon groups bonded to each other by a linkage selected from the group consisting of ether, thioether, ester, thioester, thiocarbonyl, amide, urethane, carbonyl and sulfonyl linkages, each of the hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 29 carbon atoms, at least one hydrocarbon group having at least four carbon atoms (or at least three carbon atoms for a composition for dental application), each hydrocarbon group being optionally replaced by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group.

The organic residue R₂ defined above at (b) is more preferably of the following formulas:

(a) --R₅ --(Y--R₅ '--_(c), in which R₅ and R₅ ' each stand for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 29 carbon atoms, and optionally replaced by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, Y stands for --O--, --S--, --COO--, --COS--, ##STR18## --CONH--, --OCONH--, ##STR19## and c is an integer of 1 to 6, and if there are a plurality of R₅ ', they may be the same or different, at least one hydrocarbon group having at least four carbon atoms (or at least three carbon atoms for a composition for dental application); or ##STR20## in which Y is as defined above, Y' is equal to Y, d is an integer of 0 to 3, and if d is 0, R₆ ' stands for a hydrocarbon group having 4 to 27 carbon atoms (or 1 to 27 carbon atoms for a composition for dental application), and optionally replaced by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, while if d is 1 to 3, R₆ and R₆ ' each stand for a hydrocarbon group having 4 to 27 carbon atoms (or 1 to 27 carbon atoms for dental application), and optionally replaced by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, at least one of hydrocarbon groups R₆ and R₆ ' having at least four carbon atoms (or at least one carbon atom for a composition for dental application).

The compounds of the formula I in which X₁ and X₂ both stand for --O--, and a is 1 are preferable for dental application from the standpoints of biological safety, storage stability and adhesive strength. In these compounds, R₂ preferably stands for any of the following, while R₁ is usually a methyl group:

(a) ##STR21## in which R₇ and R₇ ' each stand for a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and optionally replaced by a halogen atom;

(b) ##STR22## in which R₈ stands for H or a methyl group, and R₉ stands for a hydrocarbon group having 3 to 28 carbon atoms, and optionally replaced by a halogen atom; more preferably, ##STR23## in which g is an integer of 2 to 20, or 1 to 20 for a composition for dental application or ##STR24##

(c) ##STR25## in which R₁₀ stands for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and optionally replaced by a halogen atom, and e is 0 or 1;

(d) --CH₂ --_(f), in which f is an integer of 5 to 20, preferably 5 to 12, or more preferably 8 to 12, and may be 4 to 20 for a composition for dental application;

(e) ##STR26## in which h is an integer of 1 to 5, i is an integer of 0 to 3, and the sum of h and i is at least 2, or at least 1 for a composition for dental application;

(f) ##STR27## (preferably ##STR28##

(g) ##STR29## in which R₁₁ stands for a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and optionally replaced by a halogen atom;

(h) ##STR30##

(i) ##STR31## in which R₁₂ stands for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and optionally replaced by a halogen atom, and Y preferably stands for --O-- or --COO--;

(j) ##STR32## in which R₁₃ and R₁₃ ' each stand for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and optionally replaced by a halogen atom; preferably, ##STR33## in which l is 3 or 4;

(k) ##STR34## in which R₁₄ and R₁₄ ' each stand for hydrogen or a methyl group, and k and k' are each a real number larger than 1, but not larger than 3;

(l) --CH₂ CH₂ OCH₂ C.tbd.CCH₂ OCH₂ CH₂ --;

(m) ##STR35## in which r and r' are each an integer of 2 to 6 (only for a composition for dental application); or

(n) ##STR36## in which R₆ and R₆ ' are as defined above, m is 0 or 1, and n is an integer of 0 to 3. At least one of R₆ and R₆ ' preferably stands for an aromatic hydrocarbon. R₆ may have one or two branches of the formula --Y--R₆ ")_(s) in which Y is as defined above, R₆ ' is equal to R₆, and s is 1 or 2. R₆ and R₆ ' may be bonded to each other by two Y's in the form of ##STR37## when n is 1.

The phosphate ester of the formula II preferably contains a group in which R₄ stands for ##STR38## The adhesive monomers suitable for use in the preparation of the adhesive composition of this invention will hereunder be shown by way of example: ##STR39##

It is more preferable to employ a phosphate monoester of the general formula: ##STR40## in which R₁ stands for hydrogen or a methyl group, and A stands for any of the following formulas 3 to 6: ##STR41##

The formulas 3 to 6 specifically represent the following compounds:

Formula 3: 5-(Meth)acryloyloxypentyl dihydrogen phosphate, 6-(meth)acryloyloxyhexyl dihydrogen phosphate, 7-(meth)acryloyloxyheptyl dihydrogen phosphate, 8-(meth)acryloyloxyoctyl dihydrogen phosphate, 9-(meth)acryloyloxynonyl dihydrogen phosphate, 10-(meth)acryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, 11-(meth)acryloyloxyundecyl dihydrogen phosphate, and 12-(meth)acryloyloxydodecyl dihydrogen phosphate;

Formula 4: 4-(Methacryloyloxymethyl)cyclohexylmethyl dihydrogen phosphate, and 4-(acryloyloxymethyl)cyclohexylmethyl dihydrogen phosphate;

Formula 5: 2-[P-{2-(methacryloyloxy)ethoxy}phenoxy]ethyl dihydrogen phosphate, 3-[P-{3-(methacryloyloxy)propoxy}phenoxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate, 4-[P-{4-(methacryloyloxy)butoxy}phenoxy]butyl dihydrogen phosphate, 2-[P-{2-acryloyloxy)ethoxy}phenoxy]ethyl dihydrogen phosphate, 3-[P-{3-(acryloyloxy)propoxy}phenoxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate, and 4-[P-{4-(acryloyloxy)butoxy}phenoxy]butyl dihydrogen phosphate;

Formula 6: 2-[m-{2-(methacryloyloxy)ethoxy}phenoxy]ethyl dihydrogen phosphate, 3-[m-{3-(methacryloyloxy)propoxy}phenoxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate, 4-[m-{4-(methacryloyloxy)butoxy}phenoxy]butyl dihydrogen phosphate, 2-[m-{2-(acryloyloxy)ethoxy}phenoxy]ethyl dihydrogen phosphate, 3-[m-{3-(acryloyloxy)propoxy}phenoxy]propyl dihydrogen phosphate, and 4-[m-{4-(acryloyloxy)butoxy}phenoxy]butyl dihydrogen phosphate.

The compounds of the formula I in which R₂ stands for a group having not more than three carbon atoms are extremely inferior to the compounds employed in accordance with this invention in the adhesive strength on a tooth, metal or the like, and the water resistance of the adhesive bond. These compounds generally show an increased adhesive strength with an increase in the number of the carbon atoms which R₂ has, and provide the highest adhesive strength when R₂ has 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Their adhesive strength begins to drop if the number of the carbon atoms in R₂ exceeds 30. In order to attain the objects of this invention, therefore, it is necessary to ensure that R₂ have not more than 40 carbon atoms.

The compounds of the formulas I and II can generally be synthesized in accordance with the processes for the synthesis of phosphorus compounds as described in Organophosphorus Compounds (G. M. Kosolapoff, Wiley, 1950), Organophosphorus Monomers and Polymers (Ye. L. Gefter, Rregamon Press, 1962), Modern Organic Synthesis Series 5, Organophosphorus Compounds (The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan, Gihodo, 1971) and Beilstein (Springer-Verlag). For example, the compounds of the formula ##STR42## can be easily obtained by reacting ##STR43## with H--X₁ --R₂ --X₂ --H to form ##STR44## reacting it with at least an equimolar amount of phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of a tertiary amine to form a compound of the formula ##STR45## and hydrolyzing the P--Cl bonds therein. The compounds of the formula ##STR46## can be obtained by synthesizing H--X₁ --R₂ --PO₃ ²⁻.2Na⁺ or H--X₁ --R₂ --PO(OR)₂, in which R stands for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and reacting it with ##STR47## under the Shotten-Baumann's reaction conditions.

If R₂ stands for ##STR48## the phosphate ester for use in the preparation of the adhesive composition according to this invention may be obtained as will hereunder be described. Equimolar amounts of ##STR49## in which R₆ " stands for (R₆ --Y'--_(d) R₆ ', are reacted with each other in the presence of triethylbenzylammonium chloride to form ##STR50## Similarly, ##STR51## and HOOC--R₆ " are reacted with each other to form ##STR52## These hydroxyl compounds are reacted with at least an equimolar amount of phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of a tertiary amine to form ##STR53## followed by the hydrolysis of the P--Cl bonds therein.

The adhesive composition of this invention also contains a vinyl monomer which is copolymerizable with the compound of the formula I or II. The viscosity, wettability, curability and mechanical properties of the adhesive depend on the copolymerizable vinyl monomer to be employed. While various types of vinyl monomers can be used in accordance with the requirements for the adhesive to be prepared, it is usually advisable to employ a (meth)acrylate type monomer, a styrene type monomer or vinyl acetate. It is, however, possible to employ other compounds, for example, acrylamides such as (meth)acrylamide, N-n-butoxymethyl(meth)acrylamide and N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide , (meth)acrylic acid, isobutylvinyl ether, diethyl fumarate, diethyl maleate, methyl vinyl ketone, allyl chloride, vinylnaphthalene and vinylpyridine. Suitable examples of the styrene type monomers include compounds of the formula ##STR54## in which Q stands for a halogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or more specifically, divinylbenzene and p-chlorostyrene.

The (meth)acrylate type monomers often employed in the preparation of conventional anaerobic or dental adhesives can advantageously be used for preparing the adhesive composition of this invention. These monomers are represented by the formula ##STR55## in which R₁ stands for H or CH₃, U stands for an organic residue (as hereinabove defined) having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, and t is an integer of 1 to 4. Specific examples of these monomers are as follows:

(1) Monofunctional (meth)acrylates:

Methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, n-butyl(meth)acrylate, isobutyl(meth)acrylate, n-hexyl(meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylate, benzyl(meth)acrylate, decyl(meth)acrylate, lauryl(meth)acrylate, stearyl(meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, diethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and 2,3-dibromopropyl(meth)acrylate;

(2) Bifunctional (meth)acrylates:

(a) Compounds of the above formula in which Q stands for --CH₂ CH₂ (OCH₂ CH₂)_(s) -- or ##STR56## in which s is an integer of 0 to 15:

Ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, propylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, dipropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, and tripropylene glylcol di(meth)acrylate;

(b) Compounds of the above formula in which Q stands for an alkylene normally having 3 to 12 carbon atoms:

Propanediol di(meth)acrylate, glycerol di(meth)acrylate, 1,3-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,5-pentanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,10-decanediol di(meth)acrylate, and 2,3-dibromoneopene glycol dimethacrylate;

(c) Compounds of the above formula in which Q contains a bisphenol A derivative residue:

Bisphenol A di(meth)acrylate, 2,2-bis[(meth)acryloyloxypolyethoxyphenyl]propane ##STR57## in which t is an integer of 1 to 9], 2,2'-bis(4-acryloyloxypropoxyphenyl)propane and 2,2'-bis[4-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA), among which the compounds in which Q has 15 to 30 carbon atoms are particularly preferred;

(d) Compounds of the above formula in which Q stands for ##STR58## in which u is 1 or 2:

1,2-Bis[3(meth)acryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy]ethane, and 1,4-bis[3-(meth)acryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy]butane;

(e) Urethane di(meth)acrylates of the above formula in which Q stands for JOCONHTNHCOOJ, in which J stands for an alkylene group normally having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and T stands for an organic diisocyanate residue having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, as disclosed, for example, in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification No. 687/1975;

(3) Trifunctional and tetrafunctional methacrylates:

Trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, trimethylolethane tri(meth)acrylate, tetramethylolmethane tri(meth)acrylate, tetramethylolmethane tetra(meth)acrylate, and N,N'-(2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene)bis[2-(aminocarboxy)propane-1,3-diol]tetramethacrylate.

One or more of these copolymerizable monomers are employed. For preparing a dental adhesive composition, it is advisable to use a methacrylate or methacrylates in the quantity of at least 50% by weight of all the copolymerizable monomers employed. Preferred examples of the methacrylates include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, HEMA, n-hexyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, Bis-GMA, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, 2,2-bis[(meth)acryloyloxypolyethoxyphenyl]propane, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,10-decanediol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethylacrylate, and trimethylolethane trimethacrylate.

For preparing the adhesive compositions of this invention, it is necessary to employ the compound of the formula I or II in the quantity of not less than 0.5%, preferably 1.5% by wt of all the polymerizable monomers employed. If it is less than 0.5% by wt, no satisfactory high adhesive strength is obtained. Further, when the quantity of the compound represented by the formula I or II exceeds more than 50% by wt, it is likely to result in an adhesive bond of slightly lower water resistance. However, it will be permissible in practical use to contain the compound in quantity of more than 50% in the adhesive composition. The water resistance of an adhesive bond is also affected by the type of the copolymerizable monomer employed. If a water-soluble monomer having a hydrophilic functional group, such as (meth)acrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate or methacrylamide, is employed, therefore, it is highly advisable to ensure that it not occupy more than 50% by wt of all the polymerizable monomers employed.

The adhesive composition of this invention is applied to adhered surfaces, and cured either physically by heating or irradiation with X-rays or ultraviolet or visible light, or chemically by a polymerization initiator. It is usually advisable to polymerize by irradiating light in the presence of a photosensitizer, or employing a polymerization initiator. The term "curing agent" as herein used covers both the polymerization initiator and the photosensitizer together. It is possible to use various curing agents, for example, organic peroxides, azo compounds, organic metal compounds, redox type initiators, and photosensitizers for ultraviolet or visible rays. More specifically, it is possible to use, for example, benzoyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, tributylborane, organic sulfinic acids of the salts thereof, hydrogen peroxide/Fe²⁺ salts, cumene hydroperoxide/Fe²⁺ salt, benzoyl peroxide/N,N-dialkylaniline derivatives, ascorbic acid/Cu²⁺ salts, organic sulfinic acid (or the salt thereof)/amine (or the salt thereof)/peroxide, α-diketone/allylthiourea (for visible rays), benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzyl, diacetyl or diphenyl disulfide, and di-β-naphthyl sulfide. For a dental adhesive composition, it is particularly preferable to use benzoyl peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, tributylborane, organic sulfinic acids or the salts thereof, or aromatic sulfinic acid (or the salt thereof)/diacyl peroxide/aromatic secondary or tertiary amine (or the salt thereof). Suitable examples of the aromatic sulfinic acids include benzenesulfinic acid, p-toluenesulfinic acid, β-naphthalenesulfinic acid and styrenesulfinic acid. While alkali metal, alkali earth metal or ammonium ions may, for example, be used as the cation to form a salt with a sulfinic acid, it is preferable to use alkali or alkali earth metal ions in order to produce a high degree of storage stability and adhesive strength. Examples of such ions are Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Sr²⁺. Preferred examples of the aromatic amines include N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, N,N-diethanolaniline, N,N-diethanol-p-toluidine, N-methylaniline, and N-methyl-p-toluidine. It is also possible to use a salt of any such amine with hydrochloric, acetic or phosphoric acid, or the like. Preferred examples of the diacyl peroxides include benzoyl peroxide, m-toluoyl peroxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, octanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide and succinic acid peroxide. It is particularly preferable to use benzoyl peroxide or m-toluoyl peroxide. The curing agent may be used in the quantity of 0.01 to 20, or preferably 0.1 to 15, parts by weight for 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer employed.

It is sometimes preferable for the adhesive composition of this invention to contain a volatile organic solvent having a boiling point not higher than 150° C. at 760 Torr. The addition of any such solvent is particularly useful for an adhesive composition used as a primer for the tooth cavity to be filled with a dental filling material. After the composition has been applied, air or nitrogen is blown thereagainst to volatilize the solvent to form a vinyl compound film on the adherend surface. Examples of the suitable solvents include methanol, ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether and toluene. The quantity of the solvent should not exceed 300, or preferably 100, times as large by weight as that of all the polymerizable monomers employed. The use of the solvent in any larger quantity can result, upon volatilization, in the formation of too thin a film of the polymerizable monomer on the adherend surface, or a great reduction in its adhesive strength.

The adhesive composition of this invention may further contain a conventionally known filler of the inorganic, organic or composite type to form a dental cement for luting or filling, a dental composite resin or a bone cement. The adhesive composition may contain up to 1,000 parts, or preferably 20 to 500 parts, by weight of the filler for 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomers. The filler improves the rheological properties of the composition, and the mechanical properties, adhesive strength and water resistance of the cured composition. Examples of the applicable inorganic fillers include natural minerals such as quartz, feldspar, pottery stone, wollastonite, mica, clay, kaolin and marble, ceramics such as silica, alumina, silicon nitride, boron carbide, boron nitride, and glass-ceramics containing glass such as soda glass, barium glass, strontium glass or borosilicate glass, lanthanum and water-insoluble inorganic salts such as barium sulfate and calcium carbonate. The inorganic filler is usually treated with a silane coupling agent such as γ-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinyltriacetoxysilane or γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane.

If an organic filler is preferred, it is possible to use any of various types of polymers, for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyamide, polyester, polypeptide, polysulfone, polycarbonate, polystyrene, chloroprene rubber, nitrile rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber or polyvinyl acetate. It is also possible to use a composite filler whicy comprises a silanated inorganic filler coated with a polymer.

One or more substances may be used as the filler. The filler may usually have a particle size of 100 microns or less, and its particles may be formless, spherical, lamellar or fibrous. If a polymer is used, it may be dissolved in the polymerizable monomer and the volatile organic solvent. The adhesive composition of this invention preferably contains an inorganic or composite filler to form a dental cement or composite resin, and an organic filler to form a bone-cement.

In addition to the various constituents as hereinabove described, the adhesive composition of this invention may contain a polymerization inhibitor such as hydroquinone monomethyl ether (MEHQ), an antioxidant such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) an ultraviolet absorbing agent, a pigment or dye, phthalic acid diester, silicone oil or the like if required to satisfy the various practical requirements for performance. These additives are employed in a small quantity up to a maximum of 10 parts, and usually up to five parts, by weight for 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomers.

A room temperature curing redox type initiator may often be used when the adhesive composition of this invention is used for dental, orthopedic or other medical purposes. In such a case, it is necessary to ensure the storage stability of the composition, and therefore, to choose a proper package form which keeps the oxidant and the reducing agent away from each other. It is, for example, possible to employ separate packages for (a) the vinyl compound and the oxidant and (b) the vinyl compound and the reducing agent, (a) the vinyl compound and the oxidant (or reducing agent) and (b) the volatile organic solvent and the reducing agent (or oxidant), (a) the vinyl compound and the oxidant (or reducing agent) and (b) the filler and the reducing agent (or oxidant), or (a) the vinyl compound, the filler and the oxidant and (b) the vinyl compound, the filler and the reducing agent. In an organic sulfinic acid (or salt thereof)/amine (or salt thereof)/peroxide system, which is a particularly suitable redox polymerization initiator for the adhesive composition of this invention, the sulfinic acid and the amine serve as a reducing agent, and the peroxide as an oxidant. In this case, it is possible to employ three separate packages by packing the sulfinic acid and the amine separately. In case a photosensitizer is employed, it is necessary to keep the vinyl compound and the photosensitizer in a container shielded against light. If tributylborane or any other polymerization initiator initiating polymerization within a short time after contacting the vinyl compound is employed, it is necessary to pack the vinyl compound and the initiator separately from each other. The various constituents of the adhesive composition stored in separate packages as hereinabove described may be mixed together immediately prior to application.

The adhesive composition of this invention adheres excellently to any of the following materials, and maintains a high adhesive strength for a long time even in a wet condition:

(1) Hard tissues in a living body, such as teeth and bones;

(2) Metals, including not only base metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, aluminum, copper, zinc and tin, or stainless steel, brass or other alloys thereof, but also noble metal alloys containing 50 to 90% of gold or platinum, which have hitherto been difficult to bond by any known adhesive;

(3) ceramics, such as glass, porcelain, silica and alumina; and

(4) organic polymers, such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene.

The adhesive composition of this invention can be used for various fields of application because of its high adhesive strength on various kinds of materials. The preferred examples of its applications will hereunder be set forth:

(1) Dental Applications:

The composition can be used as a composite resin adhering to a tooth, as an adhesive for application to the cavity surface prior to the placement of the composite resin in the cavity, as an adhesive for bonding an inlay, onlay, crown or the like to a cavity or abutment tooth, as an adhesive for orthodontics, as an adhesive for holding a bridgework, post or the like, or as a pit and fissure sealant. The composite resin usually comprises a polymerizable monomer, a filler and a curing agent. The composite resin and the adhesive used for the placement thereof are usually supplied together in a combination to the dentist. The specific constituents of a particular adhesive composition are selected to suit its application as hereinbefore described. If the composition is used, for example, as the adhesive to be coated on the tooth prior to the placement of the composite resin, it may contain 2 to 40% by the weight of the adhesive vinyl compound diluted with any other polymerizable monomer, such as Bis-GMA, HEMA or an aliphatic dimethacrylate, or an organic solvent such as ethanol, and further contain a room temperature curing agent in accordance with the recipe shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,259,075 or 4,259,117. The adhesive composition which is used as a dental composite resin may comprise a customary filling material consisting of 20 to 40% by weight of Bis-GMA or other polymerizable monomer and 60 to 80% by weight of filler, and 2 to 40% by weight of an adhesive vinyl compound based on the total weight of the polymerizable monomer in accordance with the recipe shown in the U.S. patents hereinabove cited. The composition may be applied to a tooth by a customary method. As opposed to the compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,259,075 and 4,259,117, however, the composition of this invention does not call for the acid etching of the tooth surface to provide a satisfactory adhesive strength.

The acid etching of the tooth should be avoided as far as possible, since it is likely to have an injurious effect on the dentin. When the composite resin is cured, it strongly adheres to the tooth, and does not require any mechanical retention such as an undercut. The adhesive composition used for bonding an inlay, onlay, crown, or the like to a tooth cavity or abutment tooth may, for example, comprise 60 to 98 parts by weight of methyl methacrylate, 2 to 40 parts by weight of adhesive vinyl monomer, and 50 to 150 parts by weight of polymethyl methacrylate. A slight excess of the adhesive may be applied to the adherend surface, and an inlay or the like brought into intimate contact therewith, whereby it is possible to effect the bonding of any such dental restorative appliance to the tooth which no conventional luting cement has hitherto been able to achieve.

(2) Orthopedic Applications:

The adhesive composition of this invention can be used as a bone cement.

(3) Industrial and Domestic Applications in General:

The adhesive composition of this invention is useful as an adhesive for transportation machinery, electrical apparatus, building materials, cans or ceramics, or for home use, since it provides a superior adhesive strength on metals, ceramics and organic polymers. It is also useful as a paint, a primer for a paint or a coating composition. It adheres surprisingly well to an adherend surface carrying oil, or even water. Its adhesive strength is markedly higher than that of any conventional polymerization curing type adhesive, such as cyanoacrylate, epoxy resin or second generation acrylic adhesives.

The invention will now be described more specifically with reference to a variety of examples which are merely illustrative. They consist of the following:

(1) EXAMPLES 1 to 20--Examples of the preparation of the phosphate esters represented by formula 3, and examples of the adhesive compositions containing those compounds;

(2) EXAMPLES 21 to 26--Examples of the preparation of the phosphate esters represented by formula 4, and examples of the adhesive compositions containing those compounds;

(3) EXAMPLES 27 to 36--Examples of the preparation of the phosphate esters represented by formula 5, and examples of the adhesive compositions containing those compounds;

(4) EXAMPLES 37 to 46--Examples of the preparation of the phosphate esters represented by formula 6, and examples of the adhesive compositions containing those compounds;

(5) EXAMPLES 47 to 53--Examples of the adhesive composition of this invention used for dental application; and

(6) EXAMPLES 54 to 61--Adhesive strength of the adhesive composition of this invention on metals, ceramics and organic polymers.

EXAMPLE 1

A 500 cc three-neck flask was charged with 140 g (1.6 mols) of methacrylic acid, 190 g (1.6 mols) of 1,6- hexanediol, 15 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.6 g of 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol). They were heated to 90° C. at a pressure of 100 to 150 mm Hg. The reaction was continued for several hours, while oxygen was being blown into the flask, until water disappeared. When water had disappeared, the reactant was cooled to ordinary room temperature, transferred into a separatory funnel, and washed with a 5% aqueous solution of sodium carbonate until the aqueous solution became alkaline. The reactant was, then, washed with 300 cc of water five times. After the reactant had been dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate, it was heated with 30 mg of MEHQ to 80° C. whereby the remaining water was removed by distillation under reduced pressure and 198 g of a monoester and diester mixture were obtained. The analysis of the mixture by HLC indicated that it contained 75 mol % of monoester, and not more than 0.5% by weight of diol.

A solution containing 55 g (0.36 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride in 100 cc of ethyl ether was placed in a one-liter reactor, and cooled to -40° C. A solution containing 81 g of a previously synthesized methacrylate mixture containing 0.3 mol of monoester, and 37 g (0.36 mol) of triethylamine was placed in a 300 cc dropping funnel connected to the reactor. The latter solution was dropped slowly, while the phosphorus oxychloride solution was being stirred strongly, and dry N₂ gas was being blown into the reactor. The reactant was kept at a temperature of -30° C. for three hours after the dropping of the solution from the dropping funnel had been finished, and then, its temperature was raised to 0° C. 30 g of water were placed in the dropping funnel, and dropped under stirring. A solution containing 72.9 g (0.72 mol) of triethylamine in 100 cc of ethyl ether was, then, dropped. The reactant was held at 0° C. for 10 hours thereafter under stirring. After the precipitated hydrochloride of triethylamine had been separated by a glass filter, 10 mg of MEHQ were added into the filtrate, and the ethyl ether was removed by vacuum distillation at 40° C., whereby a nonvolatile liquid residue was obtained. The liquid was dispersed in 200 cc of water, and while the dispersion was cooled with ice, and stirred strongly, 65 g (0.6 mol) of sodium carbonate were added little by little into the dispersion to neutralize it. When the dispersion had ceased to bubble, it was transferred into a separatory funnel, and extracted twice with 100 cc of ethyl ether and four times with 100 cc of chloroform. The aqueous solution was cooled with ice, and 6N HCl was added thereinto to acidify it, and the separated oily matter was extracted with ethyl ether three times. All the extracts were combined, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. 10 mg of MEHQ were added, and the solvent was removed by distillation at a temperature not exceeding 40° C., whereby 67 g of a colorless, transparent liquid were obtained.

The NMR of a 10% CdCl₃ solution of the liquid was examined at 90 MHz at ordinary room temperature. There were observed an ethylenic proton signal at δ=6.05 and 5.5, a methyl proton signal at δ=1.9, a multifold hexamethylenic proton signal at δ=3.8 to 4.2 and 1.2 to 1.8, and an acid proton signal of phosphoric acid in the vicinity of δ=9.7. The elemental analysis of the liquid indicated that it contained 44.5% C, 7.8% H, 36.5% O and 11.2% P, while they were theoretically 45.1%, 7.2%, 36.1% and 11.6%, respectively, and showed that it was a compound known as 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl dihydrogen phosphate. The analysis of the compound by high-speed liquid chromatography (HLC) employing a Unisil Q C₁₈ column indicated that it had a purity of 97 to 98%.

EXAMPLE 2

A diol monoester and diester mixture was prepared by repeating the procedures of EXAMPLE 1, except for the use of 170 g (1.6 mols) of 1,5-pentanediol instead of 1,6-hexanediol. The quantity of the monoester in the mixture was determined by HLC, and that quantity of the mixture which contained 0.3 mol of monoester was subjected to phosphate esterification. The procedures of EXAMPLE 1 were repeated for the separation and purification of the reaction product to yield 61 g of an acidic nonvolatile liquid. The NMR of the compound thus obtained, and its elemental analysis [C: 42.6% (theoretically 42.9%), H: 7.1% (6.8%), O: 38.5% (38.1%), and P: 11.8% (12.3%)] indicated that it was 5-methacryloyloxypentyl dihydrogen phosphate. The analysis of the compound by HLC indicated that it had a purity of 96 to 98%.

EXAMPLE 3

A 500 cc flask was charged with 140 g (1.9 mols) of acrylic acid, 190 g (1.6 mols) of 1,6-hexanediol, 15 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 0.6 g of 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol). They were heated to 80° C. at a pressure of 100 to 200 mm Hg, while oxygen was being blown into the flask through a capillary, whereby water was removed by distillation. The reaction product was washed with alkaline water and water, and dehydrated to yield 175 g of an acrylic acid monoester and diester mixture. The analysis of the product by HLC indicated that it contained 68 mol % of monoester. The procedures of EXAMPLE 1 were repeated for reacting 83.6 g of the mixture with 55 g (0.36 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride, and separating phosphate monoester to yield 62 g of a colorless transparent nonvolatile liquid. The NMR of the compound thus obtained, and its elemental analysis [C: 42.7 % (theoretically 42.9%), H: 7.1% (6.8%), O: 38.3% (38.1%) and P: 11.9% (12.3%)] indicated that it was 6-acryloyloxyhexyl dihydrogen phosphate. The analysis of the compound by HLC indicated that it had a purity of 95 to 97%.

EXAMPLE 4

A diol monoester and diester mixture was prepared by repeating the procedures of EXAMPLE 3, except for the use of 170 g (1.6 mols) of 1,5-pentanediol instead of 1,6-hexanediol. After the monoester content of the mixture had been examined by HLC, that quantity of the mixture which contained 0.3 mol of monoester was subjected to phosphate esterification. The procedures of EXAMPLE 1 were repeated for the separation and purification of the reaction product to yield 48 g of an acidic nonvolatile liquid. The NMR of the compound thus obtained, and its elemental analysis [C: 40.5% (theoretically 40.3%), H: 6.5% (6.4%), O: 40.0% (40.3%) and P: 13.0% (13.0%)] indicated that it was 5-acryloyloxypentyl dihydrogen phosphate. It showed a purity of 95 to 97% upon analysis by HLC.

EXAMPLE 5

A 500 cc three-neck flask was charged with 140 g (1.6 mols) of methacrylic acid, 230 g (1.3 mols) of 1,10-decanediol, 15 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 0.6 g of 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol). They were heated to 80° C. to form a uniform solution. The flask pressure was reduced to a level of 100 to 150 mm Hg, and while oxygen was being blown into the flask to stir the solution, it was subjected to phosphate esterification at 90° C., and water was removed by distillation. When water had ceased to appear, the reaction was discontinued, the reaction product was cooled to ordinary room temperature, and 300 cc of n-hexane were added thereinto to diluty it. The solid precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was washed with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate until the aqueous solution became alkaline. After the reactant had been further washed with water, it was diluted with one liter of n-hexane, and left at 5° C. with anhydrous sodium sulfate. After one day, the unreacted diol precipitate was removed by filtration, 40 mg of MEHQ were added into the filtrate, and n-hexane was removed by vacuum distillation at a temperature not exceeding 80° C., whereby 268 g of a diol monoester and diester mixture were obtained. The analysis of the mixture by HLC indicated a monoester content of 65 mol %, and only a trace of unreacted diol.

A solution containing 55 g (0.36 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride in 100 cc of ethyl ether was placed in a one-liter reactor, and cooled to -40° C. A solution containing 123 g of a separately synthesized ester mixture containing 0.3 mol of monoester, and 37 g (0.36 mol) of triethylamine in 120 cc of ethyl ether was placed in a 300 cc dropping funnel, and the funnel was connected to the reactor. The latter solution was dropped slowly, while the phosphorus oxychloride solution was being stirred strongly, and dry N₂ gas was being blown into the reactor. The reactant was held at a temperature of -30° C. for three hours after the dropping of the solution from the dropping funnel, and its temperature was raised to 0° C. 30 g of water were placed in the dropping funnel, and dropped under stirring. A solution containing 72.9 g (0.72 mol) of triethylamine in 100 cc of ethyl ether was, then, dropped. The reactant was held at 0° C. for 10 hours thereafter, while it was being stirred slowly. After the precipitated hydrochloride of triethylamine had been removed by a glass filter, the filtrate was washed with water repeatedly, dehydrated and dried. After 20 mg of MEHQ had been added, the ethyl ether was removed by vacuum distillation at 40° C., whereby a liquid residue was obtained. The liquid was washed with n-hexane repeatedly for the removal of the diol and phosphate diesters by extraction, and the n-hexane was removed from the phosphate monoester phase by vacuum distillation, whereby 73 g of a liquid compound were obtained.

The NMR at 90 MHz of a 10% CdCl₃ solution of the compound was examined at ordinary room temperature. There were found an ethylenic proton signal at δ=6.05 and 5.5, a methyl proton signal at δ=1.9, a multifold decamethylenic proton signal at δ=3.8 to 4.2 and 1.2 to 1.8, and an acid proton signal of phosphoric acid in the vicinity of δ=9.7. The elemental analysis of the compound indicated that it contained 52.9% C, 8.7% H, 29.2% O and 9.2% P, while they were theoretically 52.2%, 8.4%, 29.8% and 9.6%, respectively, and showed that it was 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate. The analysis of the compound by HLC employing a Unisil Q C₁₈ column indicated a purity of 92 to 95%.

EXAMPLE 6

A diol monoester and diester mixture was prepared by repeating the procedures of EXAMPLE 5, except for the use of 260 g (1.3 mols) of 1,12-dodecanediol instead of 1,10-decanediol. After the monoester content of the mixture had been examined by HLC, that quantity of the mixture which contained 0.3 mol of monoester was subjected to phosphate esterification. The procedures of EXAMPLE 1 were repeated for the separation and purification of the reaction product to yield 75 g of a liquid compound. The NMR of the compound, and its elemental analysis [C: 55.3% (theoretically 54.9%), H: 9.2% (8.9%), O: 27.0% (27.4%) and P: 8.5% (8.8%)] indicated that it was 12-methacryloyloxydodecyl dihydrogen phosphate. It showed a purity of 92 to 95% upon analysis by HLC.

EXAMPLE 7

A 500 cc flask was charged with 115 g (1.6 mols) of acrylic acid, 230 g (1.3 mols) of 1,10-decanediol, 15 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 0.6 g of 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol). They were heated to 80° C. at a pressure of 100 to 200 mm Hg, while oxygen was being blown into the flask through a capillary, and water was removed by distillation. The procedures of EXAMPLE 5 were, then, repeated for dilution with n-hexane, filtration, washing with an alkali solution and water, dehydration, dilution with n-hexane, filtration and solvent removal by distillation to yield 223 g of a diol monoester and diester mixture. The analysis of the mixture by HLC indicated a monoester content of 66 mol %. The procedures of EXAMPLE 5 were further repeated for reacting 114 g of the mixture with 55 g (0.36 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride, and separating phosphate monoester to yield 62 g of a colorless transparent nonvolatile liquid. The NMR of the compound thus obtained, and its elemental analysis [C: 51.0% (theoretically 50.6%), H: 8.4% (8.2%), O: 30.8% (31.1%) and P: 9.8% (9.6%)] indicated that it was 10-acryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate. It showed a purity of 91 to 95% upon analysis by HLC.

EXAMPLE 8

A diol monoester and diester mixture was prepared by repeating the procedures of EXAMPLE 7, except for the use of 260 g (1.3 mols) of 1,12-dodecanediol instead of 1,10-decanediol. After the monoester content of the mixture had been examined by HLC, that quantity of the mixture which contained 0.3 mol of monoester was subjected to phosphate esterification. The procedures of EXAMPLE 5 were repeated for the separation and purification of the reaction product to yield 79 g of a liquid compound. The NMR of the compound, and its elemental analysis [C: 53.9% (theoretically 53.6%), H: 9.0% (8.7%), O: 28.1% (28.5%) and P: 9.0% (9.2%)] indicated that it was 12-acryloyloxydodecyl dihydrogen phosphate. It showed a purity of 92 to 96% upon analysis by HLC.

EXAMPLES 9 to 18, AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 and 2

The adhesive compositions containing the adhesive monomers obtained in EXAMPLES 1 to 8 were prepared in accordance the recipe hereinafter shown, and tested for the water resistance of their adhesive strength on metal.

Components and Proportions:

    ______________________________________                                         Package A                                                                      Adhesive monomer    5       parts by weight                                    Methyl methacrylate 95      parts by weight                                    Benzoyl peroxide (BPO)                                                                             1       part by weight                                     Package B                                                                      Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)                                                                     100     parts by weight                                    powder                                                                         Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                            3       parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                         1       part by weight                                     ______________________________________                                    

The package A consisted of a uniform solution, and the package B was a uniform dispersion of the powders of sodium benzenesulfinate and amine in the PMMA powder.

A 10 mm square by 3 mm thick plate of a Ni-Cr alloy containing 92.7% of nickel was polished with #1000 abrasive paper, and washed ultrasonically with water and methyl ethyl ketone. An adhesive cellophane tape having a hole with a diameter of 5 mm was bonded to the plate so that the hole might be aligned with the center of the polished plate surface. An equal number of stainless steel bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 35 mm were prepared, and one end surface of each bar was polished and washed as each alloy plate had been. The components in Package A were mixed with an equal weight of the components in Package B to prepare an adhesive composition. The adhesive was applied by a brush to the alloy plate exposed through the hole of the cellophate tape, and the polished end of the bar, and the bar and the plate were bonded to each other to form a butt joint. Twenty samples, or bar and plate combinations were prepared by employing one adhesive composition, and immersed in water at 37° C. an hour after they had been bonded. Ten samples were removed from water after 24 hours, and the other 10 samples after 10 days. The adhesive bond on each sample was tested for tensile strength by an Instron tensile tester. TABLE 1 shows an average adhesive strength obtained by each adhesive composition in each lot of 10 samples. The adhesives developed cohesive failure at a tensile strength of 400 kg/cm² or above, and adhesive failure mainly on the Ni-Cr alloy surface at a lower tensile strength.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         Adhesive Monomer* Adhesive Strength (kg/cm.sup.2)                              Example                                                                               j        R.sub.1   24 hours  10 days                                    ______________________________________                                          9     5        H         423       362                                        10     5        CH.sub.3  443       380                                        11     6        H         420       399                                        12     6        CH.sub.3  451       425                                        13     8        H         456       441                                        14     8        CH.sub.3  438       449                                        15     10       H         430       421                                        16     10       CH.sub.3  465       460                                        17     12       H         453       441                                        18     12       CH.sub.3  459       465                                        ______________________________________                                          ##STR59##                                                                

The adhesive compositions of this invention showed an adhesive strength higher than 400 kg/cm² after 24 hours of immersion in water, and did not undergo any great reduction in adhesive strength after 10 days, either.

For comparison purposes, similar tests were conducted on a composition containing a conventionally known phosphate ester monomer, for example, methacryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate (COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1), and on a composition not containing any adhesive monomer (COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2). The results are shown in TABLE 2. Immersion in water brought about a heavy reduction in adhesive strength.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Comparative            Adhesive Strength (kg/cm.sup.2)                         Example  Adhesive Monomer                                                                             24 hours   10 days                                      ______________________________________                                         1        Methacryloyloxy-                                                                             163        13                                                    ethyl dihydrogen                                                               phosphate                                                             2        None           4          0                                           ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 19

Nine adhesive compositions each containing a phosphate ester of the general formula ##STR60## in which j' is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 or 12, were prepared, and tested for adhesive strength in water. Each of these thermosetting adhesive compositions contained four parts by weight of a phosphate ester of the above formula, one part by weight of BPO, 95 parts by weight of methyl methacrylate and 100 parts by weight of PMMA powder. Two round nickel bars having a diameter of 7 mm were joined end to end by employing each adhesive composition. The bars were heated at 80° C. for three hours, whereby the adhesive composition was cured. Each sample was immersed in water at 25° C., and tested for adhesive strength after one day, month or year. The results are shown in FIG. 1. As is obvious therefrom, an improved adhesive strength in water was obtained with an increase in the value of j', particularly when it was 5 or more, and more particularly when it was 8 or more.

EXAMPLE 20 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3

Two-pack adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the adhesive monomers shown in TABLE 3, and tested for adhesive strength by bonding a commercially available dental composite resin to the dentin of a human tooth:

    ______________________________________                                         Package C                                                                      2,2'-bis[4-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxy-                                                            40     parts by weight                                    propoxy)phenyl]propane                                                         Neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate                                                                     35     parts by weight                                    Adhesive monomer     25     parts by weight                                    Benzoyl peroxide     1.5    parts by weight                                    2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol                                                                             0.03   part by weight                                     Package D                                                                      Ethanol              100    parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                             4      parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                          1.7    parts by weight                                    ______________________________________                                    

Human molars were cut in the shape of a square pillar to have the dentin exposed on an adherend surface, and square ivory bars measuring 10 mm square by 30 mm long were also prepared. They were kept in cold water until immediately prior to use. Immediately prior to use, water was wiped off the adherend dentin surface of each molar, and the dentin surface was etched for a minute with a 40% aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid. The molar was washed carefully with flowing water, and after clean air or nitrogen had been blown against the molar to volatilize water, a strip of aluminum was wound about the molar. Water was also wiped off the adherend surface of each ivory bar. A mixed solution prepared by mixing equal volumes of the liquids C and D was coated on the molars and the ivory bars, and clean air or nitrogen was blown against them to volatilize ethanol. A commercially available dental composite resin Clearfil F (trademark of KURARAY CO., LTD., Japan) was kneaded and it was sandwiched between the adherend surfaces of the molars and the ivory bars to form test samples. They were immersed in water at 37° C. after 30 minutes, and examined after one day for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The results are shown in TABLE 3. Seven human teeth were used for testing one adhesive composition. TABLE 3 shows an average adhesive strength.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                                               Adhesive Strength                                                Adhesive Monomer                                                                             (kg/cm.sup.2)                                            ______________________________________                                         Comparative                                                                              2-methacryloyloxyethyl                                                                          27                                                  Example 3 dihydrogen phosphate                                                 Example 20                                                                     (a)       6-methacryloyloxyhexyl                                                                         110                                                            dihydrogen phosphate                                                 (b)       10-methacryloyloxydecyl                                                                        172                                                            dihydrogen phosphate                                                 ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 21

A 500 cc three-nech flask was charged with 129 g (1.5 mols) of methacrylic acid, 216 g (1.5 mols) of 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, 17 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 0.7 g of 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol). They were dissolved in a bath of water at 70° C. to form a uniform solution. The bath temperature was raised to 85° C., and while oxygen was being blown into the flask at a pressure of 100 mm Hg, the water produced was removed by distillation. When water had ceased to appear, the solution was returned to normal atmospheric pressure, diluted with 500 cc of benzene and 500 cc of n-hexane, and washed with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, and methacrylic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid were removed by extraction. The solution was washed with neutral water repeatedly, and after it had been ascertained that the solution was neutral, it was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, 100 mg of MEHQ were added, and the solvent was removed by vacuum distillation at a temperature not exceeding 80° C. There was obtained a monoester and diester mixture weighing 242 g, and found to contain 72 mol % of monoester as a result of analysis by HLC. The mixture did not contain more than 0.1% of unreacted diol.

A solution containing 55 g (0.36 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride in 100 cc of ethyl ether was placed in a one-liter reactor, and cooled to -40° C. A solution containing 96.5 g (0.3 mol) of a separately synthesized methacrylate mixture, and 37 g (0.36 mol) of triethylamine in 100 cc of ethyl ether was placed in a 300 cc dropping funnel, and the funnel was connected to the reactor. The latter solution was dropped slowly, while the phosphorus oxychloride solution was being stirred strongly, and dry N₂ gas was being blown into the reactor. The reactant was held at -30° C. for three hours, and then, its temperature was raised to 0° C. Then, 30 g of water were placed in the dropping funnel, and dropped into the reactor under stirring. A solution containing 72.9 g (0.72 mol) of triethylamine in 100 cc of ethyl ether was, then, dropped. The reactant was held at 0° C. for 10 hours thereafter under slow stirring. After the precipitated hydrochloride of triethylamine had been removed by a glass filter, 10 mg of MEHQ were added into the filtrate, and ethyl ether was removed by vacuum distillation at 40° C., whereupon a nonvolatile liquid was obtained as a residue. The liquid was dispersed in 200 cc of water, and while the solution was cooled with ice, and stirred strongly, 65 g (0.6 mol) of sodium carbonate were added into the solution little by little to neutralize it. When the solution had ceased to bubble, it was transferred into a separatory funnel, and washed four times by extraction with 100 cc of chloroform. Then, 6N HCl was added into the solution to acidify it, while it was cooled with ice, and the separated oily matter was extracted three times with chloroform. After all the extracts had been combined, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, 10 mg of MEHQ were added, and the solvent was removed by distillation at a temperature not exceeding 40° C., whereupon there was obtained a colorless liquid weighing 70 g.

The NMR at 90 MHz of a 10% CdCl₃ solution of the liquid was examined at ordinary room temperature. There were found an ethylenic proton signal at δ=6.05 and 5.5, a methyl proton signal at δ=1.9, two methylenic proton signals adjacent to oxygen atoms at δ=3.6 to 4.1, methylene and methyl proton signals on the cyclohexane ring at δ=0.7 to 1.9, and an acid proton signal of phosphoric acid at δ=9.4 to 9.8. The elemental analysis of the compound indicated 48.9% C (theoretically 49.3%), 7.6% H (7.2%), 33.1% O (32.9%) and 10.4% P (10.6%), and showed that it was 4-(methacryloyloxymethyl)cyclohexylmethyl dihydrogen phosphate. The compound showed a purity of 96 to 98% upon analysis by HLC employing a Unisil Q C₁₈ column.

EXAMPLE 22

A 500 cc flask was charged with 140 g (1.9 mols) of acrylic acid, 230 g (1.6 mols) of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 15 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 0.6 g of 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol). They were heated at 80° C. at a pressure of 100 to 200 mm Hg, while oxygen was being blown into the flask through a capillary, and water was removed by distillation. The procedures of EXAMPLE 21 were, then, repeated to yield 251 g of a monoester and diester mixture. The mixture showed a monoester content of 72 mol % upon analysis by HLC. The procedures of EXAMPLE 21 were repeated for reacting 89 g of the mixture with 55 g (0.36 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride, and separating phosphate monoester to yield 59 g of a light yellow, transparent liquid.

The NMR at 90 MHz of a 10% CdCl₃ solution of the liquid was examined. There were found three ethylenic proton signals at δ=5.7, 6.1 and 6.3, two methylenic proton signals adjacent to oxygen atoms at δ=3.6 to 4.1, methylene and methine proton signals on the cyclohexane ring at δ=0.7 to 1.9, and a phosphoric acid proton signal at δ=9.1 to 9.5. The elemental analysis of the compound indicated 47.9% C (theoretically 47.5%), 7.1% H (6.9%), 34.1% O (34.5%) and 11.0% P (11.1%), and showed that it was 4-(acryloyloxymethyl)cyclohexylmethyl dihydrogen phosphate. It showed a purity of 95 to 97% upon analysis by HLC.

EXAMPLES 23 AND 24

Adhesive compositions containing the compounds obtained in EXAMPLES 21 and 22 as an adhesive monomer (EXAMPLES 23 and 24), and an adhesive composition containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate (COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1) were prepared in accordance with the following recipe, and tested for adhesive strength on metal after immersion in water.

Components and Proportions:

    ______________________________________                                         Package A                                                                      Adhesive monomer 5         parts by weight                                     Methyl methacrylate                                                                             95        parts by weight                                     Benzoyl peroxide 1         part by weight                                      Package B                                                                      PMMA powder      100       parts by weight                                     Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                         3         parts by weight                                     N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                      1         part by weight                                      ______________________________________                                    

Package A consisted of a uniform solution, and Package B was a uniform dispersion of the sodium benzenesulfinate and amine powders in the PMMA powder.

A 10 mm square by 3 mm thick plate of a Ni-Cr alloy containing 92.7% of nickel was polished with #1000 abrasive paper, and washed ultrasonically with water and methyl ethyl ketone. An adhesive cellophane tape having a hole with a diameter of 5 mm was bonded to the plate so that the hole might be aligned with center of the polished plate surface. An equal number of stainless steel bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 35 mm were prepared, and one end surface of each bar was polished and washed as the alloy plates had been. An adhesive composition was prepared by mixing equal weights of the components in Packages A and B, and applied by a brush to the alloy plate exposed through the hole in the cellophane tape, and the stainless steel bar. The alloy plate and the bar were bonded to each other to form a butt joint. Twenty samples, or bonded bar and plate combinations were prepared by employing each adhesive composition, and immersed in water at 37° C. after an hour. Ten samples were removed from water after 24 hours, and the remaining 10 samples after 10 days. They were examined for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester. TABLE 4 shows the average obtained from the test results. The adhesive compositions developed cohesive failure at a tensile strength of 400 kg/cm² or above, and adhesive failure mainly on the Ni-Cr alloy surface at a lower tensile strength.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                                              Adhesive Strength                                                              (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                     Adhesive Monomer                                                                              24 hours 10 days                                        ______________________________________                                         Example 23                                                                               4-(methacryloyloxy-                                                                             413      402                                                  methyl)cyclohexylmethyl                                                        dihydrogen phosphate                                                 Example 24                                                                               4-(acryloyloxymethyl)-                                                                          408      396                                                  cyclohexylmethyl                                                               dihydrogen phosphate                                                 Comparative                                                                              2-methacryloyloxyethyl                                                                          163       13                                        Example 1 dihydrogen phosphate                                                 ______________________________________                                    

As is obvious from TABLE 4, the adhesive compositions of this invention showed a very high initial adhesive strength exceeding 400 kg/cm², and did not undergo any appreciable reduction in adhesive strength after 10 days of immersion in water. On the other hand, the conventional adhesive composition containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate showed a great reduction in adhesive strength as a result of immersion in water.

EXAMPLES 25 AND 26

Two-pack adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the adhesive monomers shown in TABLE 5, applied for bonding a commercially available dental composite resin to the dentin of a human tooth, and tested for adhesive strength:

    ______________________________________                                         Package C                                                                      2,2'-bis[4-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxy-                                                            40     parts by weight                                    propoxy)phenyl]propane                                                         Neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate                                                                     35     parts by weight                                    Adhesive monomer     25     parts by weight                                    Benzoyl peroxide     1.5    parts by weight                                    2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol                                                                             0.03   part by weight                                     Package D                                                                      Ethanol              100    parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                             4      parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                          1.7    parts by weight                                    ______________________________________                                    

Human molars were cut in the shape of a square pillar to have an exposed adherend dentin surface and square ivory bars measuring 10 mm square by 30 mm long were also prepared. They were kept in cold water until immediately prior to use. Immediately prior to use, water was wiped off the adherend ivory surface of each molar, and the dentin surface was etched for a minute with a 40% aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid. The molar was, then, washed carefully with flowing water, and after clean air or nitrogen had been blown against the molar to volatilize water, a strip of aluminum was wound about the molar. Water was also wiped off the adherend surfaces of the ivory bars. An adhesive composition prepared by mixing equal volumes of the liquids C and D was applied to the molar and the ivory bar, and clean air or nitrogen was blown against them to dry them. A commercially available dental composite resin Clearfil F (trademark of KURARAY CO., LTD., Japan) was kneaded and it was sandwiched between the adherend surfaces of the molar and the ivory bar. The test samples thus prepared were immersed in water at 37° C. after 30 minutes, and examined after one day of immersion for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The results are shown in TABLE 5. Seven human molars were employed for testing each adhesive composition. TABLE 5 shows the average of the results obtained.

                  TABLE 5                                                          ______________________________________                                                                 Adhesive                                                      Adhesive Monomer Strength (kg/cm.sup.2)                                 ______________________________________                                         Comparative                                                                             2-methacryloyloxyethyl                                                                             27                                                Example 3                                                                               dihydrogen phosphate                                                  Example 25                                                                              4-(methacryloyloxymethyl)-                                                                        148                                                         cyclohexylmethyl dihydrogen                                                    phosphate                                                             Example 26                                                                              4-(acryloyloxymethyl)cyclo-                                                                       129                                                         hexylmethyl dihydrogen                                                         phosphate                                                             ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 27

A one-liter three-neck flask was charged with 250 g (2.9 mols) of methacrylic acid, 480 g (2.4 mols) of 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene, 35 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 0.6 g of MEHQ. They were heated to 80° C. until they were dissolved to form a uniform solution. The flask pressure was reduced to a level of 20 to 100 mm Hg by an aspirator, and while oxygen was being blown into the flask, the solution was heated at a temperature of 85° C. to 90° C., and water was removed by distillation. When water ceased to appear after four hours, the reaction was discontinued, and while the reactant solution was hot, it was poured into 1.5 liters of toluene. The unreacted diol precipitate was removed by a #4 filter. The filtrate was washed twice with 500 cc of a 5% aqueous solution of Na₂ CO₃ and three times with neutral water. After it had been dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, 0.1 g of MEHQ was added, and toluene was removed by vacuum distillation at a temprature not exceeding 80° C. There was obtained a monoester and diester mixture weighing 440 g. The analysis of the mixture by HLC indicated a monoester content of 65% by weight, and only a trace of unreacted diol.

A solution containing 55.2 g (0.36 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride in 150 cc of tetrahydrofuran was placed in a one-liter reactor, and cooled to -50° C. A solution containing 123 g of the above synthesized monoester and diester mixture containing 0.3 mol of monoester, and 33.4 g (0.33 mol) of triethylamine in 150 cc of tetrahydrofuran was placed in a 500 cc dropping funnel, and the funnel was connected to the reactor. The monoester solution was dropped slowly, while dry N₂ gas was being blown to stir the phosphorus oxychloride solution strongly, and the internal temperature of the reactor was kept at a level of -45° C. to -50° C. It was also kept at -45° C. for an hour after the dropping operation had been finished, and raised then to 0° C. A solution containing 30 ml of water and 75.9 g of triethylamine in 100 cc of tetrahydrofuran was dropped slowly. The reactant solution was, then, cooled with ice and stirred continuously for 15 hours, whereby the P--Cl bonds were hydrolyzed. The precipitated triethylammonium chloride was removed by a #4 glass filter. After 30 mg of MEHQ had been added into the filtrate, tetrahydrofuran was removed by vacuum distillation at a temperature not exceeding 30° C. The residue thereby obtained was poured into 400 cc of a 0.3N aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. The solidified residue was collected by filtration, washed with 500 cc of 0.3N aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, and dewatered on the filter. The residue was, then, washed with toluene several times for the removal of any matter soluble in toluene, and vacuum dried at ordinary room temperature. There was obtained a white solid crude phosphate monoester weighing 74 g. The monoester was dissolved in 300 cc of tetrahydrofuran, and after the insoluble matter has been removed by filtration, it was recrystallized with a mixed solvent containing toluene and n-hexane in a ratio by volume of 1:1 to yield 69 g of crystals.

The crystals have a melting point of 108.5° C. to 109.5° C. The NMR at 90 MHz of a d₆ -acetone solution of the crystals was examined at ordinary room temperature. There were found an ethylenic proton signal at δ=6.0₅ and 5.5₅, eight multifold methylenic proton signals at δ=4.0 to 4.5, a methyl proton signal at δ=1.8₅, four proton signals of phenylene at δ=6.9, and a phosphoric acid proton signals at δ=8.3. The elemental analysis of the compound indicated 48.1% C (theoretically 48.6%) and 9.1% P (8.9%), and showed that it was a compound of the formula: ##STR61##

EXAMPLE 28

A diol monoester and diester mixture was prepared by repeating the procedures of EXAMPLE 27, except for the use of 216 g (3.0 mols) of acrylic acid instead of methacrylic acid. After the monoester content of the mixture had been examined by HLC, that quantity of the mixture which contained 0.3 mol of monoester was subjected to phosphate esterification. The procedures of EXAMPLE 27 were repeated for separating the reaction product to yield 65 g of a white solid compound. The NMR of the compound, and its elemental analysis [C: 46.5% (theoretically 47.0%), and P: 9.1% (9.3%)] indicated that it was a compound of the formula: ##STR62## It showed a purity of at least 95% upon analysis by HLC.

EXAMPLES 29 TO 32

The procedures of EXAMPLES 27 and 28 were followed to synthesize four compounds as shown in TABLE 6 by employing methacrylic or acrylic acid, and 1,4-bis(3-hydroxypropoxy)benzene or 1,4-bis(4-hydroxybutoxy)benzene as diol. The structure of each compound was determined by NMR and elementa4 analysis, and its purity by HLC. As regards the results of elemental analysis, the values of C, H and P alone are shown in TABLE 6. All the compounds showed a purity of at least 95%.

                                      TABLE 6                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                           Elemental Analysis (%)                   Example                                                                             Chemical Structure               C    H   P                               __________________________________________________________________________     29                                                                                   ##STR63##                       51.1 (51.3)                                                                         6.4 (6.2)                                                                          8.5 (8.3)                       30                                                                                   ##STR64##                       50.4 (50.0)                                                                         5.7 (5.9)                                                                          8.7 (8.6)                       31                                                                                   ##STR65##                       53.4 (53.7)                                                                         6.5 (6.8)                                                                          7.7 (7.7)                       32                                                                                   ##STR66##                       52.5 (52.6)                                                                         6.7 (6.5)                                                                          8.1 (8.0)                       __________________________________________________________________________      Note:                                                                          () Calculated value                                                      

EXAMPLES 33 AND 34

Three adhesive compositions containing the compounds obtained in EXAMPLES 27 and 28 (EXAMPLES 33 and 34) and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate (COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1) as the adhesive monomer were prepared in accordance with the following recipe, and tested for adhesive strength on metal after immersion in water:

Components and Proportions:

    ______________________________________                                         Package I                                                                      Adhesive monomer    3       parts by weight                                    Methyl methacrylate 97      parts by weight                                    Benzoyl peroxide    1       part by weight                                     Package II                                                                     Polymethyl methacrylate powder                                                                     100     parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                            3       parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                         1       part by weight                                     ______________________________________                                          Package II was a uniform mixture of the PMMA powder in the                     benzenesulfinate and amine powders.                                      

A 10 mm square by 3 mm thick plate of a Ni-Cr alloy containing 92.7% of nickel was polished with #1000 abrasive paper, and washed ultrasonically with water and methyl ethyl ketone. An adhesive cellophane tape having a hole with a diameter of 5 mm was bonded to the plate so that the hole might be aligned with the center of the polished plate surface. An equal number of stainless steel bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 35 mm were prepared, and one end surface of each bar was polished and washed as the alloy plates had been. A mixture containing equal weights of the components in Packages I and II was applied by a brush to the alloy plate exposed through the hole in the cellophane tape, and the stainless steel bar, and the plate and the bar were joined to each other by forming a butt joint. Twenty samples, or bonded plate and bar combinations were prepared by employing each adhesive composition. They were immersed in water at 37° C. one hour after the bar and the plate had been bonded to each other. Ten samples were removed from water after 24 hours, and the remaining 10 samples after 10 days. They were examined for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester. TABLE 7 shows the average of the results obtained. The adhesives developed cohesive failure at a tensile strength of 400 kg/cm², or above, and adhesive failure mainly on the Ni-Cr alloy surface at a lower tensile strength.

                  TABLE 7                                                          ______________________________________                                                              Adhesive Strength                                                              (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                     Adhesive Monomer                                                                              24 hours 10 days                                        ______________________________________                                         Example 33                                                                               Monomer of Example 27                                                                           465      463                                        Example 34                                                                               Monomer of Example 28                                                                           461      457                                        Comparative                                                                              2-methacryloyloxyethyl                                                                          163       13                                        Example 1 dihydrogen phosphate                                                 ______________________________________                                    

As is obvious from TABLE 7, the adhesive compositions of this invention showed a very high initial adhesive strength exceeding 400 kg/cm², and did not undergo any appreciable reduction in adhesive strength after 10 days of immersion in water. On the other hand, the adhesive composition of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 showed a great reduction in adhesive strength as a result of immersion in water.

EXAMPLES 35 AND 36, AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4

Two-pack adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the adhesive monomers of EXAMPLES 27 and 28 and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1, applied for bonding a commercially available dental composite resin to acid-etched human dentin and unetched dentin, and tested for adhesive strength:

    ______________________________________                                         Package III                                                                    2,2-bis[4-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-                                                                    40      parts by weight                                    hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propane                                                  2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate                                                                        30      parts by weight                                    Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate                                                                   23      parts by weight                                    Adhesive monomer    7       parts by weight                                    Benzoyl peroxide    1.5     parts by weight                                    Package IV                                                                     95% ethanol         100     parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                            4       parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                         1       part by weight                                     ______________________________________                                    

Human molars were cut in the shape of a square pillar to have an exposed adherend dentin surface, and square ivory bars measuring 10 mm square by 30 mm long were also prepared. They were held in cold water until immediately prior to use. A half of the molars were subjected to acid etching, while the other molars were not. Immediately prior to use, water was wiped off the adherend dentin surface of each molar. The dentin surface of each molar to be etched was etched for a minute with a 40% aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid. The etched surface was washed carefully with flowing water, and clean air or nitrogen was blown against the dentin surface to volatilize moisture therefrom. A strip of aluminum was wound about the molar. Water was also wiped off the adherend surfaces of the ivory bars. A mixed solution containing equal volumes of the liquids III and IV was coated on the teeth and the ivory bars, and clean air or nitrogen was blown against them to dry them. A commercially available dental composite resin Clearfil F (trademark of KURARAY CO., LTD., Japan) was kneaded. This paste was sandwiched between the adherend surfaces of the teeth and the ivory bars, and bonded therewith. The test samples were immersed in water at 37° C. after 30 minutes of adhesion, and tested after one day for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The results are shown in TABLE 8. Seven teeth were employed for testing each adhesive composition. TABLE 8 shows the average of the results obtained.

                  TABLE 8                                                          ______________________________________                                                              Adhesive Strength                                                              (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                     Adhesive Monomer                                                                              Etched   Unetched                                       ______________________________________                                         Example 35                                                                               Monomer of Example 27                                                                           168      74                                         Example 36                                                                               Monomer of Example 28                                                                           160      74                                         Comparative                                                                              Monomer of Compara-                                                                              32       7                                         Example 4 tive Example 1                                                       ______________________________________                                    

As is obvious from TABLE 8, the adhesive compositions of this invention showed an extremely higher adhesive strength than that of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 containing a conventional phosphate monoester monomer. The adhesive composition of this invention provides a high adhesive strength as required for clinical application in dentistry, even if no acid etching is made on the dentin. This enables the simplification of dental treatment which has never been expected from the prior art.

EXAMPLE 37

A one-liter three-neck flask was charged with 250 g (2.9 mols) of methacrylic acid, 480 g (2.4 mols) of 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene, 35 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 0.6 g of MEHQ. They were heated to 85° C. until they were dissolved to form a uniform solution. The flask pressure was reduced to a level of 20 to 100 mm Hg by an aspirator. While oxygen was being blown into the flask, the solution was heated to a temperature of 85° C. to 90° C., and water was removed by distillation. When water ceased to appear after about four hours, the reaction was discontinued. While the reactant solution was still hot, it was poured into 1.5 liters of toluene, and the precipitated unreacted diol was removed by a #4 filter. The filtrate was washed twice with a 5% aqueous solution of Na₂ CO₃, and three times with neutral water, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. After 0.1 g of MEHQ had been added, toluene was removed by vacuum distillation at a temperature not exceeding 80° C. There was obtained a monoester and diester mixture weighing 460 g. The analysis of the mixture by HLC indicated a monoester content of 64% by weight, and only a trace of unreacted diol.

A solution containing 55.2 g (0.36 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride in 150 cc of tetrahydrofuran was placed in a one-liter reactor, and cooled to -50° C. A solution containing 125 g of the monoester and diester mixture, which contained 0.3 mol of monoester, and 33.4 g (0.33 mol) of triethylamine in 150 cc of tetrahydrofuran was placed in a 500 cc dropping funnel, and the funnel was connected to the reactor. The monoester solution was dropped slowly, while dry N₂ gas was being blown into the reactor to stir the phosphorus oxychloride solution strongly. The internal temperature of the reactor was kept at a level of -45° C. to -50° C. while the dropping operation was continued, and at -45° C. for an hour after its termination. The temperature was, then, raised to 0° C., and a solution containing 30 ml of water and 75.9 g of triethylamine in 100 cc of tetrahydrofuran was dropped slowly. The reactant solution was cooled with ice, and stirred continuously for 15 hours thereafter, whereby the P--Cl bonds were hydrolyzed. The precipitated triethylammonium chloride was removed by a #4 glass filter. After 30 mg of MEHQ had been added into the filtrate, tetrahydrofuran was removed by vacuum distillation at a temperature not exceeding 30° C. A solution of the residue in 800 cc of ethyl acetate was put in a separatory funnel, and washed three times with 300 cc of a 2N aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, and twice with 300 cc of neutral water. After the residue had been dehydrated overnight with anhydrous sodium sulfate, 30 mg of MEHQ were added, and ethyl acetate was removed by vacuum distillation to yield a liquid residue. It was washed with toluene repeatedly, and any volatile matter in the residue was removed by vacuum distillation. There was obtained a solid crude phosphate monoester weighing 67 g. The monoester was dissolved in 150 cc of acetone, and after the insoluble matter had been removed by filtration, the phosphate monoester in the solution was recrystallized by adding a mixed solvent containing toluene and n-hexane in a ratio by volume of 1:1 to yield 58 g of crystals.

The crystals had a melting point of 64° C. to 67° C. The NMR at 90 MHz of a d₆ -acetone solution of the crystals was examined at ordinary room temperature. There were found an ethylenic proton signal at δ=6.0₅ and 5.5₅, eight multifold methylenic proton signals at δ=4.0 to 4.5, a methyl proton signal at δ=1.8₅, four proton signals of phenylene at δ=6.3 to 6.5 and 7.0 to 7.2, and a phosphoric proton signal at δ=9.2. The elemental analysis of the compound indicated 49.0% C (theoretically 48.6%) and 8.6% P (8.9%), and showed that it was a compound of the formula: ##STR67##

EXAMPLE 38

A diol monoester and diester mixture was prepared by repeating the procedures of EXAMPLE 37, except for the use of 216 g (3.0 mols) of acrylic acid instead of methacrylic acid. After the monoester content of the mixture had been examined by HLC, that quantity of the mixture which contained 0.3 mol of monoester was subjected to phosphate esterification. The procedures of EXAMPLE 37 were followed for separating the reaction product to yield a solid compound weighing 60 g. The NMR of the compound, and its elemental analysis [C: 47.5% (theoretically 47.0%) and P: 8.9% (9.3%)] indicated that it was a compound of the formula: ##STR68## It showed a purity of at least 95% upon analysis by HLC.

EXAMPLES 39 TO 42

The procedures of EXAMPLES 37 and 38 were followed for synthesizing four compounds as shown in TABLE 9 by employing methacrylic or acrylic acid, and 1,3-(bis(3-hydroxypropoxy)benzene or 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutoxy)benzene as diol. The structure of each compound was determined by NMR and elemental analysis, and its purity by HLC. As regards the results of elemental analysis, the values of C, H and P alone are shown in TABLE 9. All the compounds showed a purity of at least 95%.

                                      TABLE 9                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                           Elemental Analysis (%)                   Example                                                                             Chemical Structure               C    H   P                               __________________________________________________________________________     39                                                                                   ##STR69##                       51.5 (51.3)                                                                         6.5 (6.2)                                                                          8.2 (8.3)                       40                                                                                   ##STR70##                       50.3 (50.0)                                                                         5.6 (5.9)                                                                          8.8 (8.6)                       41                                                                                   ##STR71##                       53.3 (53.7)                                                                         6.6 (6.8)                                                                          8.0 (7.7)                       42                                                                                   ##STR72##                       53.2 (52.6)                                                                         6.8 (6.5)                                                                          7.8 (8.0)                       __________________________________________________________________________      Note:                                                                          () Calculated value                                                      

EXAMPLES 43 AND 44

Three adhesive compositions containing the compounds of EXAMPLES 37 and 38, and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate as the adhesive monomer were prepared in accordance with the following recipe, and tested for adhesive strength and its durability in water:

Components and Proportions:

    ______________________________________                                         Package I                                                                      Adhesive monomer 5         parts by weight                                     Methyl methacrylate                                                                             95        parts by weight                                     Benzoyl peroxide 1         part by weight                                      Package II                                                                     Polymethyl methacrylate                                                                         100       parts by weight                                     powder                                                                         Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                         3         parts by weight                                     N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                      1         part by weight                                      ______________________________________                                          Package II was a uniform mixture of the benzenesulfinate and amine powder      in the PMMA powder.                                                      

A 10 mm square by 3 mm thick plate of a Ni-Cr alloy containing 92.7% of nickel was polished with #1000 abrasive paper, and washed ultrasonically in water and methyl ethyl ketone. An adhesive cellophane tape having a hole with a diameter of 5 mm was bonded to the plate so that the hole might be aligned with the center of the polished plate surface. An equal number of stainless steel bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 35 mm were prepared, and one end surface of each bar was polished and washed as the alloy plates had been. A mixture containing equal weights of the components in Packages I and II was applied by a brush to the alloy plate exposed through the hole in the cellophane tape, and the stainless steel bar, and the plate and the bar were joined to each other by forming a butt joint. Twenty samples, or bonded bar and plate combinations were prepared by employing each adhesive composition, and immersed in water at 37° C. after an hour. Ten samples were removed from water after 24 hours, and the remaining 10 samples after 10 days. They were examined for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester. TABLE 10 shows the average of the results obtained. Adhesive failure was entirely found on the Ni-Cr alloy surface.

                  TABLE 10                                                         ______________________________________                                                              Adhesive Strength                                                              (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                     Adhesive Monomer                                                                              24 hours 10 days                                        ______________________________________                                         Example 43                                                                               Monomer of Example 37                                                                           459      461                                        Example 44                                                                               Monomer of Example 38                                                                           450      443                                        Comparative                                                                              2-methacryloyloxyethyl                                                                          163       13                                        Example 1 dihydrogen phosphate                                                 ______________________________________                                    

As is obvious from TABLE 10, the adhesive compositions of this invention showed a very high initial adhesive strength exceeding 400 kg/cm², and did not undergo any appreciable reduction in adhesive strength after 10 days of immersion in water. On the other hand, the composition of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 containing a conventional phosphate ester showed a great reduction in adhesive strength as a result of immersion in water.

EXAMPLES 45 AND 46, AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5

Two-pack adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the monomers of EXAMPLES 37 and 38, and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1, applied to bond a commercially available dental composite resin to acid etched human dentin and unetched dentin, and examined for adhesive strength:

    ______________________________________                                         Package III                                                                    2,2-bis[4-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-                                                                    40      parts by weight                                    hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propane                                                  2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate                                                                        30      parts by weight                                    Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate                                                                   23      parts by weight                                    Adhesive monomer    7       parts by weight                                    Benzoyl peroxide    1.5     parts by weight                                    Package IV                                                                     95% ethanol         100     parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                            4       parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                         1       part by weight                                     ______________________________________                                    

Human molars were cut in the shape of a square pillar to expose an adherend dentin surface and square ivory bars measuring 10 mm square by 30 mm long were also prepared. They were kept in cold water until immediately prior to use. A half of the molars were subjected to acid etching, while the other molars were not. Immediately prior to use, water was wiped off the adherend dentin surface of each molar. The dentin surface of each molar to be etched was subjected to etching for a minute with a 40% aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid. The etched surface was washed carefully with flowing water, and clean air or nitrogen was blown against the etched surface to volatilize water therefrom. A strip of aluminum was wound about the molar. Water was wiped off the adherend surfaces of the ivory bars, too. A mixed solution containing equal volumes of the liquids III and IV was coated on the teeth and the ivory bars, and clean air or nitrogen was blown against them to dry them. A commercially available dental composite resin Clearfil F (trademark of KURARAY CO., LTD., Japan) was kneaded.

This paste was sandwiched between the adherend surfaces of the tooth and the ivory bar, and the tooth and the ivory bar were joined to each other. The test samples were immersed in water at 37° C. after 30 minutes of adhesion, and examined after one day for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The results are shown in TABLE 11. Seven teeth were employed for testing each adhesive composition. TABLE 11 shows the average of the results obtained.

                  TABLE 11                                                         ______________________________________                                                              Adhesive Strength                                                              (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                     Adhesive Monomer                                                                              Etched   Unetched                                       ______________________________________                                         Example 45                                                                               Monomer of Example 37                                                                           165      66                                         Example 46                                                                               Monomer of Example 38                                                                           157      62                                         Comparative                                                                              Monomer of Comparative                                                                           32       7                                         Example 5 Example 1                                                            ______________________________________                                    

As is obvious from TABLE 11, the adhesive compositions of this invention showed an extremely higher adhesive strength than the composition containing a conventional phosphate ester. The adhesive composition of this invention provides a high adhesive strength as required for clinical application in dentistry, even if no acid etching is made on the dentin. This enables the simplification of dental treatment which has never been expected from the prior art.

EXAMPLE 47

Two-pack adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the adhesive vinyl compounds shown in TABLE 12, tested for bonding a commercially available dental composite resin to the dentin of a human tooth, and examined for adhesive strength:

    ______________________________________                                         Package I                                                                      Bis-GMA             40      parts by weight                                    Neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate                                                                    35      parts by weight                                    Adhesive vinyl compound                                                                            25      parts by weight                                    Benzoyl peroxide    1.5     parts by weight                                    2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol                                                                            0.03    part by weight                                     Package II                                                                     Ethanol             100     parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                            4       parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                         1.7     parts by weight                                    ______________________________________                                    

Human molars were cut in the shape of a square pillar to expose an adherend dentin surface and square ivory bars measuring 10 mm square by 30 mm long were also prepared. They were kept in cold water until immediately prior to use. Immediately prior to use, water was wiped off the adherend dentin surface of each molar, and the dentin surface was etched with a 40% aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid for a minute. The etched surface was washed carefully with flowing water, and clean air or nitrogen was blown against it to volatilize any moisture. A strip of aluminum was wound about the molar. Water was wiped off the adherend surfaces of the ivory bars, too. A mixture containing equal volumes of the liquids I and II was coated on the adherend surfaces of the tooth and the ivory bar. Clean air or nitrogen was blown against the adherend surfaces to volatilize ethanol. A commercially available dental composite resin Clearfil F (trademark of KURARAY CO., LTD., Japan) was kneaded to form a paste. This paste was sandwiched between the adherend surfaces of the tooth and the ivory bar, and bonded thereto. The test samples were immersed in water at 37° C. after 30 minutes of immersion, and examined after one day for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The results are shown in TABLE 12. Seven teeth were employed for testing each adhesive composition. TABLE 12 shows the average of the results obtained.

                                      TABLE 12                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                               Adhesive strength                                                                         Adhesive strength         No. Adhesive vinyl compound               human tooth (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                 on metal                                                                       (kg/cm.sup.2)             __________________________________________________________________________      1                                                                                  ##STR73##                             85        384                        2                                                                                  ##STR74##                            110        451                        3                                                                                  ##STR75##                            172        465                        4                                                                                  ##STR76##                            107        423                        5                                                                                  ##STR77##                            142        436                        6                                                                                  ##STR78##                            151        446                        7                                                                                  ##STR79##                            148        413                        8                                                                                  ##STR80##                            101        438                        9                                                                                  ##STR81##                             90        387                       10                                                                                  ##STR82##                             96        409                       11                                                                                  ##STR83##                            102        411                       12                                                                                  ##STR84##                             82        408                       13                                                                                  ##STR85##                             91        390                       14                                                                                  ##STR86##                            103        408                       15                                                                                  ##STR87##                             88        420                       16                                                                                  ##STR88##                            110        447                       17                                                                                  ##STR89##                            121        435                       18                                                                                  ##STR90##                             88        410                       19                                                                                  ##STR91##                             93        388                       20                                                                                  ##STR92##                             90        401                       21                                                                                  ##STR93##                            159        430                       22                                                                                  ##STR94##                             98        392                       23                                                                                  ##STR95##                            120        465                       24                                                                                  ##STR96##                            106        452                       25                                                                                  ##STR97##                             89        380                       26                                                                                  ##STR98##                             97        401                       27                                                                                  ##STR99##                            107        415                       28                                                                                  ##STR100##                           138        457                       29                                                                                  ##STR101##                           121        401                       30                                                                                  ##STR102##                           103        423                       31                                                                                  ##STR103##                           152        438                       __________________________________________________________________________

                                      TABLE 13                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                Adhesive                                                                              Adhesive                                                                strength on                                                                           strength                                         Compound used instead of                                                                              human tooth                                                                           on metal                                     No. adhesive vinyl compound                                                                               (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                                         (kg/cm.sup.2)                                __________________________________________________________________________          ##STR104##            4      4                                            2                                                                                   ##STR105##            25     128                                          3                                                                                   ##STR106##            27     163                                          4                                                                                   ##STR107##            71     96                                           5                                                                                   ##STR108##            5      6                                            6                                                                                   ##STR109##            51     87                                           7                                                                                   ##STR110##            4      5                                            8                                                                                   ##STR111##            32     210                                          9                                                                                   ##STR112##            35     193                                          10                                                                                  ##STR113##            30     205                                          11                                                                                  ##STR114##            25     52                                           12                                                                                  ##STR115##            21     30                                           13                                                                                  ##STR116##            52     185                                          14                                                                                  ##STR117##            50     32                                           15                                                                                  ##STR118##            75     120                                          16                                                                                  ##STR119##            70     91                                           17                                                                                  ##STR120##            28     101                                          18                                                                                  ##STR121##            57     43                                           19                                                                                  ##STR122##            20     11                                           __________________________________________________________________________

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6

Adhesive compositions were prepared by employing the adhesive vinyl compounds shown in TABLE 13, and repeating the procedures of EXAMPLE 47 in all the other respects. The results are shown in TABLE 13.

EXAMPLE 48

Powder-liquid type adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the adhesive vinyl compounds employed in EXAMPLE 47, and tested for adhesive strength on metal:

    ______________________________________                                         Package III                                                                    Adhesive vinyl compound                                                                         5         parts by weight                                     Methyl methacrylate                                                                             95        parts by weight                                     Benzoyl peroxide 1         part by weight                                      Package IV                                                                     Polymethyl methacrylate                                                                         100       parts by weight                                     Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                         3         parts by weight                                     N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                      1         part by weight                                      ______________________________________                                    

A cast plate of a dental Ni-Cr alloy Now Chrom (I) (product of TOWA GIKEN K.K., Japan, containing 92.7% Ni, and 6.0% Cr) was ground to provide a smooth surface, polished with #1000 abrasive paper, washed ultrasonically, and dried. An adhesive cellophane tape having a hole with a diameter of 5 mm was bonded to the polished plate surface. A stainless steel (SUS 304) bar having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 35 mm was likewise polished with #1000 abrasive paper, washed ultrasonically, and dried. Equal weights of the components in Packages III and IV were placed in a Dappen dish, and mixed together for 10 to 20 seconds. The resultant viscous mixture was coated on the adherend surfaces of the alloy plate and the stainless steel bar. They were joined to each other by forming a butt joint. The bonded plate and bar combination was immersed in water at 37° C. after one hour, and tested after 72 hours for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The results are shown in the right column of TABLE 12.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7

Adhesive compositions were prepared by employing the 19 vinyl compounds shown in TABLE 13 instead of the adhesive vinyl compounds in Package III employed in EXAMPLE 48, and otherwise repeating the procedures of EXAMPLE 48. They were tested for adhesive strength on the Ni-Cr alloy. The test results are shown in the right column of TABLE 13.

EXAMPLE 49 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 8

The procedures of EXAMPLE 48 were followed for bonding a Ni-Cr alloy by employing the six adhesive vinyl compounds shown in TABLE 14. The test samples were immersed in water at 37° C. after one hour of adhesion, and tested after 10 days for adhesive strength. The results are shown in TABLE 14. As is obvious from TABLE 14, the dental adhesive composition of this invention showed a high adhesive strength on not only the dentin, but on the metal as well. It is surprising to note that the adhesive composition of this invention shows a by far higher adhesive strength than the methacryloyloxy dihydrogen phosphate (COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE) which is known for its high adhesive strength on metals.

                                      TABLE 14                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                    Adhesive                                                                       strength                                                                       after 10 days                                   No.    Adhesive Vinyl Compound (kg/cm.sup.2)                                   __________________________________________________________________________     Example 48 (1)                                                                         ##STR123##             321                                             Example 48 (2)                                                                         ##STR124##             460                                             Example 48 (3)                                                                         ##STR125##             402                                             Comparative Example 8 (1)                                                              ##STR126##             13                                              Comparative Example 8 (2)                                                              ##STR127##             6                                               Comparative Example 8 (3)                                                              ##STR128##             11                                              __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 49A AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 9

Two-pack adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the recipe of EXAMPLE 47 by employing the phosphate esters shown in TABLE 15, though methacrylic acid was employed in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 9(3). The procedures of EXAMPLE 47 were followed for adhesive strength tests on the unetched dentin of the human molar. The dentin surface was cut by a diamond point in a stream of water being poured to provide an adherend surface. The test results are shown in TABLE 15. The compounds employed in accordance with this invention were extremely superior in adhesive property to the conventional phosphate esters employed in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 9(1) and (2). According to this invention, a clinically significant adhesive strength was obtained without the acid cleaning of the dentin surface.

                                      TABLE 15                                     __________________________________________________________________________            Phosphate Ester                Adhesive Strength                        __________________________________________________________________________                                           (kg/cm.sup.2)                            Example 49A                                                                    (1)                                                                                    ##STR129##                    73                                       (2)                                                                                    ##STR130##                    71                                       Comparative                                                                    Example 9                                                                      (1)                                                                                    ##STR131##                    10                                       (2)                                                                                    ##STR132##                    25                                       (3)                                                                                    ##STR133##                     0                                       __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 50

A dental restoration system comprising the adhesive composition of EXAMPLE 49A(1) and a commercially available composite resin of the following recipe was tested for dental treatment:

Two-Pack Composite Resin:

    ______________________________________                                         Package I                                                                      Quartz powder       75      parts by weight                                    Triethylene glycol dimeth-                                                                         8       parts by weight                                    acrylate                                                                       2,2'-bis[p-(γ-methacryloxy-                                                                  15      parts by weight                                    β-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]pro-                                              pane (Bis-GMA)                                                                 Colloidal silica    2       parts by weight                                    Dibenzoyl peroxide  0.5     part by weight                                     Hydroquinone monomethyl ether                                                                      0.01    part by weight                                     2,6-di-t-butylp-cresol                                                                             0.01    part by weight                                     2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzo-                                                                          0.01    part by weight                                     phenone                                                                        Package II                                                                     Quartz powder       75      parts by weight                                    Triethylene glycol dimeth-                                                                         8       parts by weight                                    acrylate                                                                       2,2'-bis[p-(γ-methacryloxy-                                                                  15      parts by weight                                    β-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]pro-                                              pane (Bis-GMA)                                                                 Colloidal silica    2       parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                         0.2     part by weight                                     Hydroquinone monomethyl ether                                                                      0.01    part by weight                                     2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzo-                                                                          0.01    part by weight                                     phenone                                                                        2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol                                                                            0.01    part by weight                                     ______________________________________                                    

Two cylindrical cavities having a diameter of 3.5 mm and a depth of 3 mm were formed in an extracted human molar by a diamond point in a stream of water being poured. The cavities were treated with a 40% aqueous solution of phosphoric acid for a minute, washed with water, and dried fully by an air syringe. Two liquids forming the adhesive composition of EXAMPLE 49(1) were dropped into a Dappen dish, and mixed together. The resultant mixture was coated on the inner surfaces of the cavities, and air was blown thereagainst by an air syringe for several seconds to volatilize ethanol. The components of the two-pack composite resin were mixed, and the resultant mixture was filled in the cavities under pressure. The molar was immersed in water at 37° C. overnight, and on the following day, the excess of the composite resin was removed to expose the margins of the cavities. The remaining portion of the tooth was sealed with an acrylic resin. The test samples were immersed alternately in two aqueous solutions of fuchsine having a temperature of 4° C. and 60° C., respectively, 100 times for a minute each time for examination as to the penetration of the dye into the cavity margins (percolation test). After the percolation tests had been finished, the tooth was split, and did not indicate any penetration of fuchsine into the margins.

EXAMPLE 51

A powder-liquid type adhesive composition was prepared by employing adhesive monomer No. 3 of EXAMPLE 47, and tested for adhesive strength on the dentin of human teeth, the enamel of bovine teeth, and a Ni-Cr alloy Nowchrom (I) (product of TOWA GIKEN K.K., Japan).

(1) Components of the Adhesive Composition:

    ______________________________________                                         Package V (Liquid)                                                             Bis-GMA             40      parts by weight                                    1,10-Decanediol dimethacrylate                                                                     30      "                                                  HEMA                20      "                                                  Adhesive monomer No. 3 of                                                                          10      "                                                  EXAMPLE 47                                                                     Benzoyl peroxide    1       part by weight                                     Hydroquinone monomethyl ether                                                                      0.05    "                                                  Package VI (Powder)                                                            Silanated quartz powder                                                                            100     parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                            0.6     part by weight                                     N,N--Diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                         0.6     "                                                  ______________________________________                                          The powder VI was prepared by spraying a solution of sodium                    benzenesulfinate and N,N--diethanolp-toluidine in 10 parts by weight of        methanol uniformly on quartz powder, and volatilizing methanol           

(2) Adhesion on Human Dentin:

The crown of a human molar was cut off to expose the dentin, while water was being poured on the tooth. The dentin surface was etched with a 40% aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid for a minute, and after it had been washed with water, the water on the dentin surface was blown away by an air syringe. A double coated adhesive tape was bonded to the dentin surface. The tape had a hole with a diameter of 5 mm. The tooth was supported so that it might have a horizontal cross section. A plastic ring having an inside diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 5 mm was placed on the tape so that the ring might be aligned with the center of the hole in the tape. The liquid V and the powder VI were mixed in a ratio by weight of 1:2, and kneaded for about one minute to form a paste. This paste was filled in the ring, and a hook for a tensile test was anchored in the paste and left at rest for 30 minutes. This test sample was immersed in water at 37° C. Five teeth were employed for testing each adhesive composition.

(3) Adhesion on Bovine Tooth Enamel:

The labial surface of a bovine incisor was ground in a stream of water to provide a smooth surface. The procedures described at (2) above were followed for the acid etching of the labial surface, and the preparation of a test sample.

(4) Adhesion on Ni-Cr Alloy:

A 10 mm square by 3 mm thick plate and a round bar having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 20 mm were cast from a Ni-Cr alloy Nowchrom (I) containing 92% Ni (product of TOWA GIKEN K.K., Japan). The plate and the bar were polished with #1000 abrasive paper, washed ultrasonically with water, and dried by an air syringe. An adhesive backed tape Transpore (trademark) having a hole with a diameter of 5 mm was bonded to the alloy plate. The liquid V and the powder VI were mixed in a ratio by weight of 1:2, and kneaded for about one minute to form a paste. A thick layer of the paste was applied onto one end of the bar, and pressed against the plate to bond the bar to the plate. The test sample thus prepared was left at rest for 30 minutes, and immersed in water at 37° C. Six samples were prepared by employing each adhesive composition.

(5) Adhesive Strength Test:

After one week of immersion in water at 37° C., each sample was examined for adhesive strength by an Instron tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. TABLE 16 shows the average of the results obtained on the several samples in each case.

                  TABLE 16                                                         ______________________________________                                                           Adhesive                                                                       Strength (kg/cm.sup.2)                                                           Human   Bovine   NiCr                                      Adhesive Monomer    dentin  enamel   alloy                                     ______________________________________                                          ##STR134##         120     162     438                                        ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 52

A cylindrical cavity having a diameter of 4 mm and a depth of 3 mm was formed in the occlusal surface of an extracted human molar by a diamond point while water was being poured on the molar. An inlay fitting the cavity was cast from a 14-karat gold alloy, and its adherend surface was sandblasted with alumina particles having a particle size of 30 microns. The cavity was not etched with an acid, but was only washed with water, and dried fully by an air syringe. The liquid and the powder for the powder-liquid type adhesive composition (resin cement) employed in EXAMPLE 51 were mixed in a ratio of 0.1 to 0.4 g, and kneaded for a minute to form a soft paste. This paste was coated on the cavity surface, and the inlay was immediately fitted in the cavity. The bonded molar and inlay assembly was immersed in water at 37° C. after 10 minutes, and subjected to a percolation test after 24 hours in accordance with the method employed in EXAMPLE 50. The test results indicated that the penetration of fuchsine had stopped in the enamel in the cavity, and that there was no penetration of fuchsine in the dentin.

EXAMPLE 53

A visible light curing dental composite resin was prepared from 15 parts by weight of Bis-GMA, 4 parts by weight of 1,2-bis(3-methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)ethane, 4 parts by weight of neopentyl glycol dimethyacrylate, 3 parts by weight of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1 part by weight of camphorquinone, 0.3 part by weight of allylthiourea, 73 parts by weight of silanated quartz powder, and 1.5 parts by weight of colloidal silica.

A cavity having a diameter of 3 mm and a depth of 2 mm was formed in the labial surface of an extracted human incisor by a diamond point. The cavity was etched, washed with water, and dried in accordance with the procedures of EXAMPLE 50. The cavity was filled with the composite resin, and the resin was exposed for three minutes to the light of a 500 W tungsten-halogen lamp. The tooth was, then, immersed in water at 37° C. After it had been removed from water, it was cut, and the adhesion of the resin to the cavity wall was examined through a microscope. This examination indicated complete adhesion of the resin to the cavity wall, and did not reveal any clearance therebetween.

EXAMPLE 54 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 10

Powder-liquid type adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the phosphate esters shown in TABLE 17, tested for adhesion on nickel and a gold alloy, and examined for the durability of their adhesive strength in water.

(1) Recipe:

    ______________________________________                                         Package I (Liquid)                                                             Adhesive vinyl compound                                                                          5        parts by weight                                     Methyl methacrylate                                                                              95       parts by weight                                     Benzoyl peroxide  1        part by weight                                      Package II (Powder)                                                            PMMA powder       100      parts by weight                                     Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                          3        parts by weight                                     N,N--Diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                       1        part by weight                                      ______________________________________                                          The powder II was prepared by grinding sodium benzenesulfinate and             N,N--diethanolp-toluidine into fine particles, and dispersing them in the      PMMA powder.                                                             

(2) Adhesion on Nickel:

One end surface of a round nickel bar having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 30 mm was polished with #1000 silicon carbide abrasive paper, washed ultrasonically in water for 10 minutes, and dried. Equal weights of the liquid I and the powder II were mixed to form a viscous mixture. The viscous mixture was coated on the end surfaces of a pair of nickel bars forming one test sample, and the bars were joined together by forming a butt joint. Fourteen samples were prepared for testing each adhesive composition. The samples were left at rest in a temperature controlled bath having a constant temperature of 30° C. for 24 hours, and seven samples were immediately removed from the bath and examined for adhesive strength by a tensile tester. The other seven samples were tested for adhesive strength after they had been immersed in water at 30° C. for five days.

(3) Adhesion on Gold Alloy:

An 8 mm square by 1.5 mm thick plate of a gold alloy containing 55% Au, 29% Ag and 8.9% Pd, and one end of a round stainless steel (SUS304) bar having a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 30 mm were polished and washed, as the nickel bars had been. A Transpore (trademark) surgical tape having a hole with a diameter of 4 mm was bonded to the gold alloy plate to serve as a spacer. The adhesive composition was applied in a somewhat thick layer to the gold alloy plate exposed through the hole in the tape. The polished end of the stainless steel bar was pressed against the adhesive layer, and bonded to the gold alloy plate. The test samples thus prepared were kept and examined for adhesive strength in accordance with the procedures described at (2) above for the nickel samples. The results are shown in TABLE 17.

                                      TABLE 17                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                             Nickel      Gold Alloy                                                             After       After                                                              immersion   immersion              No.      Phosphate Ester                Initial                                                                            in water                                                                               Initial                                                                            in                     __________________________________________________________________________                                                             water                  Example 54(1)                                                                            ##STR135##                    451 450     203 178                    Example 54(2)                                                                            ##STR136##                    426 409     176 155                    Example 54(3)                                                                            ##STR137##                    448 456     179 162                    Comparative Example 10(1)                                                                ##STR138##                    361   53    105  0                     Comparative Example 10(2)                                                                ##STR139##                    234  0       61  0                     Comparative Example 10(3)                                                                ##STR140##                    287  0       73  0                     __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 55

The procedures of EXAMPLE 54 were followed for preparing test samples each consisting of a pair of round bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 30 mm, and joined end to end by employing the adhesive composition containing the phosphate ester shown at EXAMPLE 54(1) in TABLE 17. The samples were prepared from bars of stainless steel (SUS 304), ordinary steel, aluminum, hard glass, PMMA and polycarbonate. They were left at rest in a dry temperature controlled bath having a constant temperature of 30° C. for 24 hours, and examined for adhesive strength by a tensile tester. The results were as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         Sample       Adhesive Strength (kg/cm.sup.2)                                   ______________________________________                                         Stainless steel                                                                             463                                                               Ordinary steel                                                                              470                                                               Aluminum     251                                                               Hard glass   233                                                               PMMA         320                                                               Polycarbonate                                                                               265                                                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 56 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 11

Powder-liquid adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the phosphate esters shown in TABLE 18:

    ______________________________________                                         Package III (Liquid)                                                           Bis-GMA            50      parts by weight                                     1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate                                                                     40      parts by weight                                     Phosphate ester compound                                                                          10      parts by weight                                     Benzoyl peroxide   1       part by weight                                      2,6-Di-t-butyl-p-cresol                                                                           Trace                                                       Package IV (Powder)                                                            Silica powder      100     parts by weight                                     Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                           0.5     part by weight                                      N,N--Diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                        0.5     part by weight                                      ______________________________________                                    

Test samples were prepared from stainless steel (SUS304) bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 30 mm. One end surface of each bar was polished with silicon carbide abrasive paper. The bars were immersed in water at 25° C. The liquid III and the powder IV were mixed in a ratio by weight of 1:4, and kneaded by a spatula for a minute to form an adhesive paste. A pair of bars were joined to each other by the paste while they were in water. The samples were left at rest in water at 25° C., and examined after one day for adhesive strength by a tensile tester. Five samples were prepared for testing each adhesive composition. TABLE 18 shows the average of the results obtained on those samples.

                  TABLE 18                                                         ______________________________________                                                                     Adhesive                                                                       Strength                                           Phosphate Ester             (kg/cm.sup.2)                                      ______________________________________                                         Example 56                                                                              ##STR141##             384                                            Comparative Example 11                                                                  ##STR142##              26                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 57 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 12

Light curable paint compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the phosphate esters shown in TABLE 19:

    ______________________________________                                         Recipe                                                                         ______________________________________                                         Phosphate ester   3        parts by weight                                     Methyl methacrylate                                                                              20       parts by weight                                     n-Butyl acrylate  20       parts by weight                                     Styrene           10       parts by weight                                     Benzoinisopropyl ether                                                                           3        parts by weight                                     Oil-free alkyd resin modified                                                                    100      parts by weight                                     with a urethane compound                                                       ______________________________________                                    

A film of each paint composition having a thickness of 40 microns was formed on a steel plate polished with #800 abrasive paper. The composition was cured by exposure for 20 seconds to the light of a 2 kW high-pressure mercury lamp positioned at a distance of 30 cm from the plate. The plate was, then, immersed in water at 70° C. for 20 days, and the coated film was examined. The results are shown in TABLE 19.

                                      TABLE 19                                     __________________________________________________________________________             Phosphate Ester                Change in Coated                        __________________________________________________________________________                                            Film                                    Example 57                                                                              ##STR143##                    None.                                   Comparative Example 12(1)                                                               ##STR144##                    blisters all over.                      Comparative Example 12(2)                                                               ##STR145##                    blisters all over.                      __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 58 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 13

Powder-liquid type adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the phosphate esters shown in TABLE 20, tested for adhesion on nickel and a gold alloy.

(1) Recipe:

    ______________________________________                                         Package I (Liquid)                                                             Phosphate ester compound                                                                         5        parts by weight                                     Methyl methacrylate                                                                              95       parts by weight                                     Benzoyl peroxide  1        part by weight                                      Package II (Powder)                                                            PMMA powder       100      parts by weight                                     Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                          3        parts by weight                                     N,N--Diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                       1        part by weight                                      ______________________________________                                          The powder was prepared by grinding sodium benzenesulfinate and                N,N--diethanolp-toluidine into fine particles, and dispersing them             uniformly in the PMMA powder.                                            

(2) Adhesion on Nickel:

Round nickel bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 30 mm had one end surface polished with #1000 silicon carbide abrasive paper, and were washed ultrasonically in water for 10 minutes, and dried. Equal weights of the liquid I and the powder II were mixed to form a viscous mixture. It was coated on the polished ends of the bars, and each pair of bars were joined end to end. Fourteen test samples were prepared for testing each adhesive composition. They were left at rest in a temperature controlled bath having a constant temperature of 30° C. for 24 hours. Seven of them were, then, removed from the bath immediately, and examined for adhesive strength by a tensile tester. The other seven samples were examined for adhesive strength after they had been immersed in water at 30° C. for five days.

(3) Adhesion on Gold Alloy:

An 8 mm square by 1.5 mm thick plate of a gold alloy containing 55% Au, 29% Ag and 8.9% Pd, and one end surface of a round stainless steel (SUS 304) bar having a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 30 mm were polished and washed as the nickel bars had been. A Transpore (trademark) surgical tape having a hole with a diameter of 4 mm was bonded to the gold alloy plate to serve as a spacer. The adhesive composition was applied in a somewhat thick layer to the gold alloy plate exposed through the hole in the tape. The polished end of the stainless steel bar was pressed against the adhesive layer, and bonded to the gold alloy plate. The test samples were kept and examined for adhesive strength in accordance with the procedures as hereinbefore described with reference to the nickel samples. The results are shown in TABLE 20.

                                      TABLE 20                                     __________________________________________________________________________                                       Nickel         Gold Alloy                                                          After immersion                                                                               After immersion           No.     Phosphate Ester           Initial                                                                            in water   Initial                                                                            in                        __________________________________________________________________________                                                          water                     Example 58(1)                                                                           ##STR146##               433 430        162 147                       Example 58(2)                                                                           ##STR147##               415 408        157 144                       Example 58(3)                                                                           ##STR148##               427 424        168 156                       Comparative Example 13(1)                                                               ##STR149##               361  53        105  0                        Comparative Example 13(2)                                                               ##STR150##               234  0          61  0                        Comparative Example 13(3)                                                               ##STR151##               287  0          73  0                        __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 59

The procedures of EXAMPLE 58 were followed for preparing test samples each consisting of a pair of round bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 30 mm, and joined end to end by employing the adhesive composition containing the phosphate ester shown at EXAMPLE 58(1) in TABLE 20. The samples were prepared from bars of stainless steel (SUS 304), ordinary steel, aluminum, hard glass, PMMA and polycarbonate. They were left at rest in a dry temperature controlled bath having a constant temperature of 30° C. for 24 hours, and examined for adhesive strength by a tensile tester. The results were as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         Sample       Adhesive Strength (kg/cm.sup.2)                                   ______________________________________                                         Stainless steel                                                                             447                                                               Ordinary steel                                                                              452                                                               Aluminum     266                                                               Hard glass   209                                                               PMMA         289                                                               Polycarbonate                                                                               263                                                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 60 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 14

Powder-liquid type adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the phosphate esters shown in TABLE 21:

    ______________________________________                                         Package III (Liquid)                                                           Bis-GMA            50      parts by weight                                     1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate                                                                     40      parts by weight                                     Phosphate ester compound                                                                          10      parts by weight                                     Benzoyl peroxide   1       part by weight                                      2,6-Di-t-butyl-p-cresol                                                                           Trace                                                       Package IV (Powder)                                                            Silica powder      100     parts by weight                                     Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                           0.5     part by weight                                      N,N--Diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                        0.5     part by weight                                      ______________________________________                                    

Test samples were prepared from stainless steel (SUS 304) bars having a diameter of 7 mm and a length of 30 mm. One end surface of each bar was polished with silicon carbide abrasive paper. The bars were immersed in water at 25° C. The liquid III and the powder IV were mixed in a ratio by weight of 1:4, and kneaded by a spatula for a minute to form an adhesive paste. A pair of bars were joined to each other by the paste while they were in water. The samples were left at rest in water at 25° C., and examined after one day for adhesive strength by a tensile tester. Five samples were prepared for testing each adhesive composition. TABLE 21 shows the average of the results obtained on those samples.

                                      TABLE 21                                     __________________________________________________________________________            Phosphate Ester           Adhesive Strength (kg/cm.sup.2)               __________________________________________________________________________     Example 60                                                                             ##STR152##               351                                           Comparative Example 14                                                                 ##STR153##                26                                           __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 61 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 15

Light curable paint compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing the phosphate esters shown in TABLE 22:

    ______________________________________                                         Recipe                                                                         ______________________________________                                         Phosphate ester   3        parts by weight                                     Methyl methacrylate                                                                              20       parts by weight                                     n-Butyl acrylate  20       parts by weight                                     Styrene           10       parts by weight                                     Benzoinisopropyl ether                                                                           3        parts by weight                                     Oil-free alkyd resin modified                                                                    100      parts by weight                                     with a urethane compound                                                       ______________________________________                                    

A film of each paint composition having a thickness of 40 microns was formed on a steel plate polished with #800 abrasive paper. The composition was cured by exposure for 20 seconds to the light of a 2 kW high-pressure mercury lamp positioned at a distance of 30 cm from the plate. The plate was, then, immersed in water at 70° C. for 20 days, and the coated film was examined. The results are shown in TABLE 22.

                                      TABLE 22                                     __________________________________________________________________________             Phosphate Ester       Change in Coated Film                            __________________________________________________________________________     Example 61                                                                              ##STR154##           None.                                            Comparative Example 15(1)                                                               ##STR155##           Blisters all over the film.                      Comparative Example 15(2)                                                               ##STR156##           Blisters all over the film.                      __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 60

Two-pack adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate shown in No. 3 of Table 12 as an adhesive monomer.

    ______________________________________                                         Package I                                                                      10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen                                                                  55     parts by weight                                    phosphate                                                                      2-hydroxymethyl methacrylate                                                                        45     parts by weight                                    Benzoyl peroxide     2      parts by weight                                    Package II                                                                     Ethanol              100    parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                             5      parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                          3      parts by weight                                    ______________________________________                                    

The procedures of EXAMPLE 47 were followed for adhesive strength test on human dentin. The above-mentioned composition showed an adhesive strength of 155 kg/cm² on human dentin.

EXAMPLE 61

Two-pack adhesive compositions were prepared in accordance with the following recipe by employing 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl dihydrogen phosphate shown in No. 2 of Table 12 as an adhesive monomer.

    ______________________________________                                         Package I                                                                      6-methacryloxylhexyl dihydrogen                                                                    100     parts by weight                                    phosphate                                                                      Benzoyl peroxide    3       parts by weight                                    Package II                                                                     Ethanol             100     parts by weight                                    Sodium benzenesulfinate                                                                            5       parts by weight                                    N,N--diethanol-p-toluidine                                                                         5       parts by weight                                    ______________________________________                                    

The procedures of EXAMPLE 47 were followed for adhesive strength test on human dentin. The above-mentioned composition showed an adhesive strength of 89 kg/cm². 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for restoring a carious tooth, comprising:applying to a wall surface of a cavity in a carious tooth an adhesive composition which comprises 100 parts by weight of a polymerizable monomer comprising (a) 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a compound represented by one of formulas I or II: ##STR157## where R₁ and R'₁ each stand for hydrogen or a methyl group, R₂ stands for a divalent organic residue having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, X₁ and X₂ each stand for --O--, --S-- or --NH--, a is 0 or 1, and R₃ stands for a group of the formula ##STR158## having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; where R₄ and R'₄ each stand for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 29 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, and b is an integer of 0 to 3, a plurality of R'₄ being the same or different, at least one of R₄ and R'₄ having at least three carbon atoms, and Z stands for --O--, --COO-- or --NH--, and (b) 98.5 to 99.5 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer copolymerizable with said compound, and 0.01 to 20 parts by weight of a curing agent; and filling said cavity with a dental filling composition comprising a polymerizable monomer, a filler and a curing agent.
 2. A method of restoring a tooth cavity, comprising filling said cavity with an adhesive composition which comprises 100 parts by weight of a polymerizable monomer comprising (a) 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a compound represented by one of formulas I and II: ##STR159## where R₁ and R'₁ each stand for hydrogen or a methyl group, R₂ stands for a divalent organic residue having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, X₁ and X₂ each stand for --O--, --S-- or --NH--, a is 0 or 1, and R₃ stands for a group of the formula ##STR160## having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, where R₄ and R'₄ each stand for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 29 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, b is an integer of 0 to 3, and Z stands for --O--, --COO-- or --NH--, a plurality of R'₄ being the same or different, at least one of R₄ and R'₄ having at least three carbon atoms, and (b) 98.5 to 99.5 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer copolymerizable with said compound; 20 to 500 parts by weight of a filler; and 0.01 to 20 parts by weight of a curing agent.
 3. A method for dental treatment which comprises bonding either a tooth and a dental restorative material or dental restorative materials to each other by employing an adhesive composition which comprises 100 parts by weight of a copolymerizable monomer comprising (a) 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a compound represented by one of formulas I or II: ##STR161## where R₁ and R'₁ each stand for hydrogen or a methyl group, R₂ stands for a divalent organic residue having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, X₁ and X₂ each stand for --O--, --S-- or --NH--, a is 0 or 1, and R₃ stands for a group of the formula ##STR162## having 6 to 40 carbon atoms, where R₄ and R'₄ each stand for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 29 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted by a halogen atom or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, b is an integer of 0 to 3, and Z stands for --O--, --COO-- or --NH--, a plurality of R'₄ being the same or different, at least one of R₄ and R'₄ having at least 3 carbon atoms, and (b) 98.5 to 99.5 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer copolymerizable with said compound; 20 to 500 parts by weight of a filler; and 0.01 to 20 parts by weight of a curing agent.
 4. A method for protecting teeth against dental caries which comprises coating the tooth surface using a pit and a fissure sealant composition having adhesion to tooth which comprises 100 parts by weight of a polymerizable monomer comprising (a) 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of a compound represented by one of formulas I and II: ##STR163## where R₁ and R'₁ each stand for hydrogen or a methyl group, R₂ stands for a divalent organic residue having 4 to 40 carbon atoms, X₁ and X₂ each stand for --O--, --S-- or --NH--, a is 0 or 1, and R₃ stands for a group of the formula ##STR164## having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; where R₄ and R'₄ each stand for a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 29 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted by a halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl group, b is an integer of 0 to 3, a plurality of R'₄ being the same or different, at least one of R₄ and R'₄ having at least 3 carbon atoms, and Z stands for --O--, --COO-- or --NH--, and (b) 98.5 to 99.5 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer copolymerizable with said compound and 0.01 to 20 parts by weight of a curing agent. 